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Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...
Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease01:29

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...
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Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Symptom Assessment of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis Using an Allergen Exposure Chamber
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[Rubella in Poland in 2007].

Justyna Rogalska1, Ewelina Rzepczak, Paweł Stefanoff

  • 1Zakład Epidemiologii Narodowego Instytutu Zdrowia Publicznego-Państwowego Zakładu Higieny w Warszawie. jrogalska@pzh.gov.pl

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny
|October 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary

In 2007, Poland reported over 22,000 rubella cases, with higher incidence in males and young children. Improved diagnostic certainty is needed to evaluate the two-dose immunization program's impact on rubella epidemiology.

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases

Context:

  • In 2007, Poland registered 22,891 rubella cases, a significant public health concern.
  • The reported incidence rate was 60.1 per 100,000 population, with only 0.7% laboratory-confirmed cases.
  • No cases of congenital rubella syndrome were reported, but diagnostic certainty requires improvement.

Purpose:

  • To analyze the epidemiological trends of rubella in Poland in 2007.
  • To identify demographic groups with the highest incidence rates.
  • To highlight the need for enhanced diagnostic confirmation to assess immunization program effectiveness.

Summary:

  • Rubella incidence in Poland in 2007 was 60.1/100,000, with 22,891 total cases.
  • Males (88.7) and children aged 6-7 years (492.8-540.5) showed the highest incidence.

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  • Low laboratory confirmation rates (0.7%) necessitate improved diagnostics for evaluating the 2003 immunization strategy.

    • Impact:

    • The study underscores the need for better diagnostic methods to accurately gauge the effectiveness of Poland's two-dose rubella immunization program.
    • Findings highlight specific populations at higher risk, informing targeted public health interventions.
    • Understanding rubella epidemiology is crucial for disease control and elimination efforts in Poland.