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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Recognition Without Identification for Words, Pseudowords and Nonwords.

Jason Arndt1, Karen Lee, David B Flora

  • 1Department of Psychology, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, USA.

Journal of Memory and Language
|October 6, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Familiarity in recognition memory can be based on episodic representations, even for novel items like pseudowords. Memory recall is stronger when study and test modalities match, supporting global matching theories.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Recognition memory relies on familiarity and recollection.
  • The nature of representations supporting familiarity is debated.
  • Previous research explored recognition without identification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if familiarity in recognition memory is episodic.
  • To test if novel stimuli (pseudowords, nonwords) elicit episodic familiarity.
  • To examine the influence of study-test modality on recognition without identification.

Main Methods:

  • Three experiments employed recognition without identification paradigms.
  • Participants studied words, pseudowords, and nonwords.
  • Study and test modalities were manipulated in the third experiment.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for recognition without identification was found for pseudowords and nonwords.
  • This finding challenges theories where familiarity requires pre-existing representations.
  • Recognition without identification was enhanced when study and test modalities matched.

Conclusions:

  • Familiarity in recognition memory can arise from episodic representations.
  • Global matching models of memory accommodate these findings.
  • Modality effects suggest episodic representations are involved in familiarity for novel items.