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01:05Absorption of Radiation
The rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation is described by the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation:
01:20Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II
In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
01:14Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
01:19Mechanism of heat transfer
Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
01:19Thermal Strain
Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
01:27Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving
San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.
To solve the problem, first, identify the known and unknown quantities. The initial length (L) of the bridge is 1275 m, the coefficient of linear expansion (α) for steel is 12 x 10-6/°C, and the change in temperature (ΔT) is 55 °C.
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Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 19, 2026
07:28
Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection
Published on: September 5, 2018
[Thermic stairways theory].
1gaia@vtr.net
Summary
This study explores the link between animal body temperature and avian flu susceptibility. Different body temperatures may help the avian influenza virus adapt and infect new species, including humans.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary Medicine
- Virology
- Comparative Physiology
Context:
- Avian influenza (bird flu) poses a significant threat to global health.
- Understanding viral adaptation mechanisms is crucial for pandemic preparedness.
Purpose:
- To investigate the potential role of interspecies body temperature variations in avian influenza virus infection.
- To hypothesize how body temperature may facilitate viral adaptation and transmission.
Summary:
- This research proposes a correlation between animal body temperature and susceptibility to avian influenza.
- It hypothesizes that differing body temperatures may enable viral adaptation, facilitating infection in susceptible species.
- The study considers the implications for human health and zoonotic potential.
Impact:
- This work could inform novel strategies for avian flu prevention and control.
- It may enhance our understanding of viral evolution and host-pathogen interactions.
- Findings could contribute to improved public health surveillance and interspecies disease management.