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The ABO Blood Group

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...

Flow Cytometry

Flow Cytometry

The development of flow cytometry techniques began in 1934 with initial attempts by Andrew Moldavan, a bacteriologist who counted the cells in a flowing capillary system. Moldavan pumped cells through a capillary tube focused under a microscope for visualization. The invention of photometry allowed the measurement of differentially-stained cells, and Louis Kamentsky developed the first multiparameter flow cytometer in 1965 to identify and count the cancer cells in cervical tissue specimens.
In...

Blood Types

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

Blood Typing

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood Transfusion and Agglutination

Blood transfusion is a therapeutic measure to restore the blood volume after extensive blood loss due to an accident or a medical procedure. Blood transfusion involves drawing a certain amount of blood from a suitable donor and infusing it into the recipient.
History
The history of blood transfusion dates back to the 17th century, when early attempts were made in animals. In 1818 James Blundell, a British doctor, performed the first successful human blood transfusion. Later in 1900, Karl...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Simultaneous Assessment of Kinship, Division Number, and Phenotype via Flow Cytometry for Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Simultaneous Assessment of Kinship, Division Number, and Phenotype via Flow Cytometry for Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

Published on: March 24, 2023

Many genetically defined ABO subgroups exhibit characteristic flow cytometric patterns.

Annika K Hult¹, Martin L Olsson

¹Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University and Regional Laboratories, Region Skåne and Division of Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

|October 7, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Flow cytometry effectively characterizes ABO subgroups and anomalous blood group phenotypes, aiding in resolving discrepancies. This method complements traditional serology and genetic analysis in reference laboratories.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Simultaneous Assessment of Kinship, Division Number, and Phenotype via Flow Cytometry for Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells

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Published on: October 17, 2018

Area of Science:

Immunology
Hematology
Biotechnology

Background:

A flow cytometric method for detecting low levels of A/B antigen was previously developed.
This study aimed to assess its utility for characterizing ABO subgroups and its value in reference laboratories.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the application of flow cytometry for characterizing ABO subgroups.
To determine if this method can aid in resolving ABO discrepancies in a reference laboratory setting.

Main Methods:

Analyzed 94 blood samples with ABO discrepancies using ABO genotyping and flow cytometry.
Assessed samples from 80 blood donors to establish normal flow cytometric patterns and reagent specificity.

Main Results:

Flow cytometry revealed distinct patterns for several ABO subgroups, particularly A(weak) and B(weak) samples.
Diagnostic features were observed for A(finn) and A(3) subgroups, demonstrating reproducibility.
Allelic enhancement in A(x) samples and unique profiles for chimeras and para-Bombay phenotypes were visualized. Acquired A antigen loss in pregnant women was also noted.

Conclusions:

Flow cytometry profiles provide valuable information for investigating ABO discrepancies.
The assay serves as a useful complement to traditional serology and genetic analysis in reference laboratories.