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Related Concept Videos

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Position-effect Variegation02:32

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Rapid Synthesis and Screening of Chemically Activated Transcription Factors with GFP-based Reporters
09:22

Rapid Synthesis and Screening of Chemically Activated Transcription Factors with GFP-based Reporters

Published on: November 26, 2013

Toggle involving cis-interfering noncoding RNAs controls variegated gene expression in yeast.

Stacie L Bumgarner1, Robin D Dowell, Paula Grisafi

  • 1Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 9 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|October 7, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Researchers discovered two yeast noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate gene expression by switching between stable states. This finding sheds light on the regulatory roles of ncRNAs in gene expression control.

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Monitoring Protein-RNA Interaction Dynamics In Vivo at High Temporal Resolution Using χCRAC
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Monitoring Protein-RNA Interaction Dynamics In Vivo at High Temporal Resolution Using χCRAC

Published on: May 9, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Long noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are abundant in eukaryotic transcriptomes, with their functional roles under intense investigation.
  • Speculation suggests ncRNAs play critical regulatory roles in cellular processes.
  • Understanding ncRNA function is key to deciphering gene regulation complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify specific functional roles of ncRNAs in eukaryotic gene regulation.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which ncRNAs control variegated gene expression.
  • To investigate the regulatory circuit involving ncRNAs at the FLO11 locus in yeast.

Main Methods:

  • Identification and characterization of cis-interfering ncRNAs in yeast.
  • Analysis of the regulatory circuit controlling variegated gene expression at the FLO11 locus.
  • Investigating the role of transcription factors (Sfl1, Flo8) and chromatin remodelers (Rpd3L) in ncRNA regulation.

Main Results:

  • A pair of cis-interfering ncRNAs (ICR1 and PWR1) were identified in yeast.
  • These ncRNAs contribute to the control of variegated gene expression at the FLO11 locus.
  • The ncRNAs form a regulatory circuit that toggles between two stable expression states.
  • ncRNAs are regulated by transcription factors and chromatin remodelers involved in phenotypic transitions.
  • A histone deacetylase complex (Rpd3L) unexpectedly activates gene expression via this ncRNA circuit.

Conclusions:

  • Yeast ncRNAs (ICR1 and PWR1) play a crucial role in regulating variegated gene expression.
  • A novel regulatory circuit involving ncRNAs controls gene expression states.
  • The findings reveal an unanticipated role for histone deacetylase complexes in gene activation through ncRNA regulation.