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Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira),...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management01:29

Inflammatory Bowel Disease IV: Pharmacological Management

Upon diagnosis, managing Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) involves addressing several crucial aspects. The primary goals include resting the bowel, correcting malnutrition, and providing symptomatic relief. Resting the bowel may consist of medications to reduce inflammation and promote healing. Correcting malnutrition is essential, often requiring dietary adjustments and nutritional supplements. Symptomatic relief aims to ease pain, diarrhea, and other discomforts in IBD.
Pharmacologic...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors
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A Pipeline to Investigate the Structures and Signaling Pathways of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors

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[Fingolimod - a new immunomodulator].

F W Friedrich1, T Eschenhagen

  • 1Institut für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg.

Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|October 8, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fingolimod, an oral immunomodulator, significantly reduced relapses and MRI lesions in multiple sclerosis patients during a phase II study. This sphingosine derivative offers an oral alternative to injectable therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience

Context:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system.
  • Current MS treatments include injectables like interferon beta and glatiramer acetate, and infusions like natalizumab.
  • There is a need for orally available immunomodulatory therapies for MS management.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of fingolimod in patients with multiple sclerosis.
  • To assess fingolimod's impact on disease activity, including relapse rates and MRI-detected lesions.
  • To compare fingolimod's profile with existing MS treatments.

Summary:

  • Fingolimod, a sphingosine analog, acts as an immunomodulator by retaining lymphocytes in lymph nodes, thereby reducing their infiltration into the central nervous system.
  • A Phase II clinical trial demonstrated that fingolimod significantly decreased the annual relapse rate and the number of new or enlarging MRI lesions in MS patients.
  • The study reported an acceptable safety profile for fingolimod, with lymphopenia being a notable side effect.

Impact:

  • Fingolimod represents a novel, orally administered therapeutic option for multiple sclerosis, potentially improving patient adherence and quality of life.
  • Its efficacy in reducing disease activity suggests a significant role in modifying MS progression.
  • Further clinical trials are ongoing to confirm these findings and establish fingolimod's long-term benefits and safety in a broader MS population.