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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid (GABA) into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
07:01

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Published on: May 16, 2019

Immunotherapy for epilepsy.

Mia Levite1, Ian K Hart

  • 1Dept of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel. mia.levite@weizmann.ac.il

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
|October 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune epilepsy research, focusing on antibodies to glutamate AMPA receptor subtype 3, has advanced understanding of severe epilepsies. Immunotherapy shows promise for specific rare and severe adult epilepsies.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Immunology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Rasmussen's encephalitis is a severe epilepsy linked to antibodies targeting glutamate AMPA receptor subtype 3.
  • This research established a paradigm for investigating autoimmune mechanisms in severe childhood and adult epilepsies.
  • The findings spurred open-label trials for immunotherapy in various epilepsy forms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss evidence supporting the pathogenicity of anti-glutamate AMPA receptor subtype 3 antibodies.
  • To review immunotherapy studies for epilepsy.
  • To evaluate the role of autoimmunity in severe epilepsies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on antibodies to glutamate AMPA receptor subtype 3.
  • Analysis of evidence for antibody pathogenicity.
  • Examination of findings from immunotherapy trials in epilepsy patients.

Main Results:

  • Antibodies to glutamate AMPA receptor subtype 3 are implicated in the pathogenesis of severe epilepsy.
  • Immunotherapy has demonstrated potential disease-modifying effects in rare epilepsies like Rasmussen's encephalitis.
  • Evidence suggests immunotherapy may benefit certain severe adult epilepsies.

Conclusions:

  • Immune treatments can offer short-term benefits for specific rare epilepsies.
  • Further research is warranted for immunotherapy in severe adult epilepsy management.
  • The study of autoimmune epilepsy has significantly evolved due to research on glutamate AMPA receptor subtype 3 antibodies.