Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Dosage Regimen: Fixed Dose01:01

Dosage Regimen: Fixed Dose

Fixed-dose regimens are a common approach to administer drugs to achieve and maintain desired levels of the drug in the body. In this dosing strategy, a specific amount of medication is given at regular intervals, often multiple times a day, to ensure a consistent drug concentration in the bloodstream.
Fixed-dose regimens can be used for various routes of administration, including intravenous (IV) injections and oral medications. For IV administration, a predetermined amount of the drug is...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Dose to Pharmacological Effect01:28

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Dose to Pharmacological Effect

A drug’s dosage and pharmacokinetic properties determine how quickly it acts, how intense its effects are, and how long it lasts. Higher doses increase drug concentration at receptor sites, producing a hyperbolic curve when pharmacologic response is plotted against drug dose. Converting this scale to a log-linear format results in a sigmoidal curve, better representing dose–response relationships.For drugs following a one-compartment model, the pharmacologic response is directly proportional to...
Drug Dosing: Obese Patients01:21

Drug Dosing: Obese Patients

In the United States, obesity is a prominent concern. It is linked to heightened mortality rates due to increased occurrences of conditions such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and diabetes compared to nonobese individuals. A patient is classified as obese if their actual body weight surpasses the ideal or desirable body weight by 20%, based on Metropolitan Life Insurance Company data. Ideal body weights consider average weights and heights for males and females...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment01:08

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Dose Adjustments Due to Hepatic Impairment

Hepatic impairment, characterized by decreased liver function, does not uniformly mandate adjustments in drug dosage. Whether dosage modifications are necessary depends on various factors related to the drug's metabolism and elimination pathways. If a drug is primarily excreted via the kidneys and bypasses significant hepatic processing, if it undergoes minimal metabolic transformation in the liver, or if it is volatile and primarily expelled through the lungs, dose adjustments may not be...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Intensity of Dose-Effect Relationship01:23

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Intensity of Dose-Effect Relationship

Pharmacodynamics explores the relationship between drug concentration and its effect. In a quantal response drug, the duration of action better correlates with drug concentration, while for graded effect drugs, the intensity of response is more relevant. This intensity depends on the dose, drug removal rate, and the region of the concentration–response curve.The concentration–response curve can be divided into three regions. Region 3 (80–100% maximum response) demonstrates that even as drug...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow01:26

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug binding...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Premature ovarian insufficiency and autoimmune profiles: a prospective case-control study.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2023
Same author

Non-hormonal treatments for managing vulvovaginal atrophy/genitourinary syndrome of menopause.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2023
Same author

Cardiometabolic health in premature ovarian insufficiency.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2021
Same author

Premature ovarian insufficiency: a toolkit for the primary care physician.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2021
Same author

A direct comparison of women's perceptions and acceptability of micronised progesterone and medroxyprogesterone acetate in combination with transdermal oestradiol in the management of young postmenopausal women, under 45 years of age.

Post reproductive health·2020
Same author

Vaginal lubricants and moisturizers: a review into use, efficacy, and safety.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2020
Same journal

The International Menopause Society celebrates another milestone.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
Same journal

Impact of social determinants of health on perimenopause symptom burden: insights from the Flo app.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
Same journal

From tissue to outcome - how perioperative vaginal estrogen transforms prolapse surgery results: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical evidence and outcomes.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
Same journal

Mapping menopause education for healthcare professionals: a scoping review.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
Same journal

Portuguese osteopaths' perceptions on the management of musculoskeletal conditions in menopausal women.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
Same journal

Perimenopausal migraine: a narrative review.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Estrogen dose: the cardiovascular impact.

N Panay1

  • 1West London Menopause & PMS Centre, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea & Westminster Hospitals, London, UK.

Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society
|October 9, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase cardiovascular risk in older women, but lower, age-tailored doses could offer benefits. This approach aims to mitigate initial harm and allow long-term advantages to emerge.

More Related Videos

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration
06:51

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Published on: June 7, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration
06:51

Ovariectomy and 17β-estradiol Replacement in Rats and Mice: A Visual Demonstration

Published on: June 7, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Endocrinology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Large cardiovascular trials like the Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study and the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) noted increased coronary events with hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use.
  • Initial findings contrasted with observational studies suggesting HRT benefits.
  • Subsequent analyses indicated elevated risks were concentrated in women over seventy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reasons behind the observed cardiovascular risks and benefits associated with hormone replacement therapy in different age groups.
  • To propose that estrogen dosage is a critical factor influencing HRT outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of findings from major cardiovascular prevention trials, including the Women's Health Initiative (WHI).
  • Analysis of age-specific risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy.
  • Evaluation of the role of estrogen dosage in cardiovascular events.

Main Results:

  • Increased risk of coronary events observed in the initial years of HRT, particularly in women over seventy.
  • Trend towards risk reduction and significant decrease in all-cause mortality in younger age groups (50-59 years).
  • Hypothesis that standard 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogens dose may be a relative overdose for older women, potentially causing harm via thrombogenesis and vascular remodeling.

Conclusions:

  • Estrogen dosage is likely the primary factor determining HRT's cardiovascular impact.
  • Age-appropriately targeted, potentially lower, doses of hormone replacement therapy could prevent initial harm.
  • Optimized HRT dosing strategies may allow long-term cardiovascular benefits to prevail, especially in younger postmenopausal women.