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Forced Transdifferentiation

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...

Tissue Transplantation

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Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
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The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Kinetic Measurement and Real Time Visualization of Somatic Reprogramming

Published on: July 30, 2016

Stem cell mimicry: key to transformation?

Emanuela Carlotti¹, John G Gribben

¹Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK.

|October 10, 2009

Summary

Researchers identified an embryonic stem cell-like signature as a key feature in the transformation of follicular lymphoma (FL) to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). This computational model provides new insights into lymphoma progression.

Area of Science:

Hematology
Computational Biology
Oncology

Background:

Follicular lymphoma (FL) can transform into more aggressive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL).
Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving this transformation is crucial for improving patient outcomes.

Discussion:

Gentles and colleagues employed a computational model to analyze the transition from FL to DLBCL.
The study focused on identifying key molecular events associated with lymphoma transformation.

Key Insights:

The acquisition of an embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like gene expression signature was identified as a critical hallmark of transformation.
This ESC-like signature may represent a common pathway in the progression of these lymphoid malignancies.

Outlook:

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Generating iPS Cells from MEFS through Forced Expression of Sox-2, Oct-4, c-Myc, and Klf4

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Further validation of the ESC-like signature in clinical samples is warranted.
This finding could pave the way for novel therapeutic strategies targeting the identified molecular vulnerabilities in transformed DLBCL.