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Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Termination of Translation

Termination of Translation

The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...

Global Climate Change

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.

The Fossil Record

The Fossil Record

The fossil record documents only a small fraction of all organisms that have ever inhabited Earth. Fossilization is a rare process, and most organisms never become fossils. Moreover, the fossil record only exhibits fossils that have been discovered. Nevertheless, sedimentary rock fossils of long-lived, abundant, hard-bodied organisms dominate the fossil record. These fossils offer valuable information, such as an organism's physical form, behavior, and age. Studying the fossil record helps...

Conditions on Early Earth

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Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.

Conditions on Early Earth

Conditions on Early Earth

Around 4 billion years ago, oceans began to condense on earth while volcanic eruptions released nitrogen, carbon dioxide, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen into the primordial atmosphere. However, organisms with the characteristics of life were not initially present on earth. Scientists have used experimentation to determine how organisms evolved that could grow, reproduce, and maintain an internal environment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission (L.I.F.E.) as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats

Laser-Induced Fluorescence Emission (L.I.F.E.) as Novel Non-Invasive Tool for In-Situ Measurements of Biomarkers in Cryospheric Habitats

Published on: October 26, 2019

Ice age terminations.

Hai Cheng¹, R Lawrence Edwards, Wallace S Broecker

¹Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|October 10, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Asian Monsoon precipitation records from Chinese stalagmites precisely correlate with past glacial terminations. This confirms Northern Hemisphere summer insolation as a trigger for ice age termination, impacting global climate and CO2 levels.

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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions

Published on: March 31, 2023

Area of Science:

Paleoclimatology
Geochemistry
Quaternary Science

Background:

Understanding past glacial terminations is crucial for predicting future climate change.
The Asian Monsoon (AM) plays a significant role in global climate dynamics.
Precise correlation of paleoclimate records is essential for reconstructing past climate events.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize Asian Monsoon precipitation during past ice ages using stalagmite records.
To precisely correlate AM records with other paleoclimate archives (ice cores, marine sediments).
To investigate the triggers and mechanisms of glacial terminations.

Main Methods:

230Th-dating of stalagmites from Sanbao Cave, China.
Analysis of oxygen isotope records from stalagmites.
Correlation of stalagmite data with ice core and marine sediment records.

Main Results:

Oxygen isotope records from Sanbao Cave provide detailed AM precipitation data for the past four glacial terminations.
AM records precisely correlate with ice core and marine sediment data, establishing event timing.
Observations support Northern Hemisphere summer insolation as the initial trigger for ice sheet retreat.

Conclusions:

Glacial terminations are initiated by Northern Hemisphere summer insolation.
Meltwater influx into the North Atlantic alters oceanic and atmospheric circulation, impacting global climate.
Rising CO2 and insolation drive ice sheet recession, with potential positive feedbacks between sea level and CO2.