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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Published on: April 14, 2014

Multiple sclerosis. Part 2: ophthalmic issues in MS therapy.

John H Pula1, Adil Javed

  • 1University of Chicago, Department of Neurology, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. John.Pula@uchospitals.edu

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology
|October 10, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This review covers multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments for ophthalmologists, focusing on visual complications and emerging therapies. As new treatments develop, monitoring visual function in MS patients is increasingly important.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Published on: April 14, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a progressive central nervous system disease affecting young adults, leading to diverse disabilities.
  • The exact cause of MS remains unknown despite research into genetic and environmental factors.
  • Visual complications are common in MS, necessitating specialized monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide ophthalmologists with an update on multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments.
  • To review current and upcoming therapies for MS.
  • To discuss the management of visual symptoms and treatment side effects in MS patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current and emerging multiple sclerosis (MS) treatments.
  • Analysis of therapeutic strategies relevant to ophthalmologists.
  • Synthesis of information on managing visual complications and treatment side effects.

Main Results:

  • Current MS therapies include interferon, glatiramer, natalizumab, and mitoxantrone.
  • New treatments such as oral medications, monoclonal antibodies, and chemotherapy are imminent.
  • Increased interest in visual function tracking is expected with novel MS treatments.

Conclusions:

  • Ophthalmologists play a crucial role in managing visual aspects of MS.
  • Understanding current and future MS treatments is essential for comprehensive patient care.
  • This review highlights the importance of monitoring visual function and complications in the context of evolving MS therapies.