Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice
06:07

Oral Combinational Antiretroviral Treatment in HIV-1 Infected Humanized Mice

Published on: October 6, 2022

Clinical and basic science advances in the treatment of HIV-1 and its associated kidney disease

A Sethi1, M G Atta

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Minerva Urologica E Nefrologica = the Italian Journal of Urology and Nephrology
|October 10, 2009
PubMed

Insights

The highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era has increased kidney disease in HIV-1 patients. This review covers HIVAN, drug toxicity, and other kidney disease causes, plus treatments and transplantation.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Improved survival in the post-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era has led to increased incidence of acute and chronic kidney disease in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected patients.
  • HIV-1 associated kidney disease encompasses a broad spectrum of clinical and histopathological conditions, with HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) being the most severe.
  • Other contributing factors include antiviral therapy toxicity, hepatitis C co-infection, and substance use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiological principles of HIV-1 associated kidney diseases.
  • To discuss various kidney disease contributors, including HIVAN, thrombotic microangiopathy, and drug-related nephrotoxicity.
  • To present current and emerging therapeutic options and the role of organ transplantation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on pathophysiological mechanisms, clinical presentations, and therapeutic strategies for HIV-1 associated kidney diseases.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to kidney disease in HIV-1 infected individuals.
  • Discussion of recent advances and future directions in management and treatment.

Main Results:

  • HIVAN remains a significant cause of kidney disease directly linked to HIV-1.
  • Drug toxicity, co-infections, and lifestyle factors significantly contribute to renal morbidity in HIV-1 patients.
  • Emerging therapies, including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and organ transplantation, show promise.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for managing kidney disease in HIV-1 patients.
  • Heightened awareness and targeted interventions are necessary, especially for vulnerable populations.
  • A comprehensive approach addressing direct viral effects, comorbidities, and treatment toxicities is essential for improving renal outcomes.

More Related Videos

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors05:46

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

Published on: April 9, 2014

Related Concept Videos

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention

Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:28

Chronic Kidney Disease III: Interprofessional Care

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
Kidney Transplant I: Introduction01:28

Kidney Transplant I: Introduction

A kidney transplant is a surgical approach that involves replacing a non-functioning kidney with a healthy one from a donor. This procedure is often a treatment option for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. The method requires careful recipient selection, including evaluating various medical and psychosocial factors. These criteria vary between transplant centers but generally include assessments of the patient's overall health, adherence to medical recommendations, and lifestyle...
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...