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Related Concept Videos

Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair growth — and...
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Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues
11:54

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues

Published on: October 20, 2019

Human chorionic gonadotropin tests.

Laurence A Cole1

  • 1USA hCG Reference Service, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA. larry@hcglab.com

Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics
|October 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) exists in multiple forms, including regular and hyperglycosylated hCG, and free beta-subunits. Current hCG tests often miss these variants, potentially leading to diagnostic errors in pregnancy and cancer detection.

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Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Microsatellite DNA Genotyping and Flow Cytometry Ploidy Analyses of Formalin-fixed Paraffin-embedded Hydatidiform Molar Tissues
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Published on: October 20, 2019

Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians
04:37

Reproductive Techniques for Ovarian Monitoring and Control in Amphibians

Published on: May 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a complex hormone with distinct molecular forms, including regular hCG, hyperglycosylated hCG, and free beta-subunits.
  • These variants have different biological functions, impacting pregnancy maintenance, trophoblast invasion, and malignancy progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of detecting multiple hCG variants and their degradation products in clinical diagnostics.
  • To address the limitations of current hCG testing methods in accurately identifying these variants.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on hCG structure, function, and detection methods.
  • Analysis of the diagnostic capabilities of various commercial hCG assays, including automated, point-of-care, and over-the-counter tests.
  • Comparison with established methods like radioimmunoassay and specific platforms that detect all beta-subunit variants.

Main Results:

  • Most automated and commercial hCG tests primarily detect regular hCG, failing to identify hyperglycosylated hCG and free beta-subunits.
  • This limitation can lead to inaccurate results in early pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic diseases, and various malignancies.
  • Specific assays, such as older hCGb radioimmunoassays and the Siemens Immulite platform, demonstrate broader detection capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate clinical application of hCG testing necessitates assays capable of detecting all hCG variants and their degradation products.
  • Current testing limitations pose a risk for misdiagnosis in pregnancy complications and cancer management.
  • Further development and utilization of comprehensive hCG detection methods are crucial for improved patient outcomes.