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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity, and disease...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Human Virome01:26

Human Virome

The human body harbors a vast and diverse viral community known as the human virome. The virome includes bacteriophages that infect bacteria, and eukaryotic viruses that infect human cells. Transient dietary and environmental viruses also contribute to this dynamic ecosystem. Estimates suggest the human body may contain on the order of 10¹³ viral particles, though abundance varies widely by body site and detection method.Comprehensive characterization of the virome has become possible only with...
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract01:28

Microbiota of the Urogenital Tract

The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

The NIH Human Microbiome Project.

, Jane Peterson, Susan Garges

    Genome Research
    |October 13, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) characterizes human microbial communities using advanced technologies. This research aims to link microbiome changes to health and disease, ultimately improving human well-being.

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    Published on: October 15, 2019

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    Published on: August 23, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Microbiology
    • Genomics
    • Bioinformatics

    Background:

    • The human microbiome comprises trillions of microorganisms residing in and on the human body.
    • Understanding the microbiome's role in health and disease is a growing area of biomedical research.
    • Technological advancements enable comprehensive characterization of microbial communities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To fully characterize the human microbiome using high-throughput technologies.
    • To investigate associations between microbiome alterations and various health/disease states.
    • To establish a standardized data resource and new technologies for microbiome research.

    Main Methods:

    • Sampling from multiple body sites of a large cohort of healthy volunteers (at least 250).
    • Utilizing advanced high-throughput sequencing and analytical techniques.
    • Studying diverse medical conditions to identify microbiome-disease links.

    Main Results:

    • The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) has generated extensive data on microbial community composition across various body sites.
    • Initial findings suggest significant variations in the microbiome related to body site and health status.
    • Standardized protocols and data resources have been developed for the scientific community.

    Conclusions:

    • The HMP provides a foundational resource for understanding the human microbiome.
    • Microbiome characterization and analysis are crucial for advancing human health research.
    • Future research can leverage HMP data and methods to explore microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics.