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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Herpes01:28

Herpes

Herpes simplex type 1 (HSV‑1) is a widespread pathogen responsible for orolabial lesions. It is an enveloped, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus belonging to the family Herpesviridae. Once the virus infects a host cell, its double‑stranded DNA genome is delivered into the nucleus, where a coordinated cascade of immediate‑early, early, and late gene expression directs viral DNA replication, structural protein synthesis, and virion assembly. After primary infection of epithelial cells, HSV-1...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

Published on: August 18, 2014

Olfactory dysfunction following herpetic meningoencephalitis.

Basile Nicolas Landis1, Jan Vodicka, Thomas Hummel

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Smell and Taste Clinic, University of Dresden Medical School, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. bnlandis@yahoo.co.uk

Journal of Neurology
|October 13, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Herpetic meningoencephalitis (HME) permanently damages olfactory function, leading to persistent smell loss in survivors. This study reveals varied patterns of olfactory deficits, impacting odor detection and identification.

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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
10:42

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

Published on: July 30, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Herpetic meningoencephalitis (HME), a severe herpes simplex virus infection, frequently results in neurological deficits.
  • Autopsy reports indicate significant damage to peripheral and central olfactory pathways in HME cases.
  • Limited data exists on the extent and recovery of olfactory impairment post-HME.

Observation:

  • A retrospective case series evaluated three HME survivors using standardized olfactory tests (Sniffin' Sticks).
  • Follow-up extended over three years post-infection.
  • All participants initially presented with bilateral anosmia (complete loss of smell).

Findings:

  • No patient recovered normal olfactory function.
  • Olfactory deficits presented in varied patterns, including impaired odor identification despite preserved detection thresholds and absent odor detection ability.
  • Olfactory function was found to be frequently and permanently impaired in HME survivors.

Implications:

  • The olfactory pathway appears crucial in the pathogenesis and spread of HME.
  • Findings suggest the olfactory epithelium may serve as a potential entry point for other pathogens into the brain.
  • Further research is warranted to explore the role of olfactory pathways in neuroinvasive infections.