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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection01:30

Cleaning, Sterilization, and Disinfection

Cleaning, disinfection, and sterilization are the methods that help to break the infection chain and prevent disease.
Cleaning
The cleaning process usually involves using water with detergents or enzymatic cleaner and removing foreign material from objects and surfaces, including organic material such as body fluids or inorganic material like soil. Cleaning is performed before high-level disinfection and sterilization because foreign materials on the cover of the devices interfere with process...
Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
Methods of Sterilization I: Physical Methods01:29

Methods of Sterilization I: Physical Methods

As used in a healthcare facility, sterilization destroys all microorganisms through physical or chemical methods. The physical method includes steam, dry heat, boiling water, and radiation.
Steam sterilization uses non-toxic, low-cost moist heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure, which is fast, microbicidal, and sporicidal, and quickly warms and penetrates fabrics. Autoclaves, or steam sterilizers, expose each item to direct steam contact for a predetermined time at the necessary...
Methods of Sterilization II: Chemical Methods01:30

Methods of Sterilization II: Chemical Methods

In healthcare, the chemical method of sterilization uses chemical sterilants to treat surgical instruments and medical supplies to help prevent the transmission of infectious pathogens to patients. Due to heat sensitivity, most medical supplies and equipment should not be exposed to high temperatures. These parts include rubber, plastic, glass, and other similar elements.
Using chemical sterilization rather than heat to clean out equipment is recommended. It eradicates and removes all bacteria,...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens
09:02

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

Published on: June 7, 2017

Skin disinfection methods: prospective evaluation and postimplementation results.

Sandra Ramirez-Arcos1, Mindy Goldman

  • 1Canadian Blood Services, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. sandra.ramirez@blood.ca

Transfusion
|October 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine-based skin disinfection is more effective than iodine-based methods. One-step and two-step procedures show similar efficacy, leading to successful implementation of a new kit at Canadian Blood Services.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

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Published on: February 24, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Medical Microbiology
  • Infectious Disease Prevention
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Optimal skin disinfection is critical for ensuring blood product safety.
  • Canadian Blood Services (CBS) utilizes specific skin disinfection protocols.
  • This study evaluated alternative disinfection methods to current practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the efficacy of two-step skin disinfection methods used at CBS with novel one-step methods.
  • To determine the most effective antiseptic agent for skin preparation prior to blood collection.
  • To assess the impact of implementing a new disinfection method on blood product contamination and skin reactions.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative study involving three phases to evaluate different skin disinfection techniques.
  • Methods included two-step protocols (isopropyl alcohol/iodine vs. isopropyl alcohol/chlorhexidine) and one-step swab sticks (isopropyl alcohol/chlorhexidine).
  • Bacteriological assessment was performed using contact plates before and after disinfection, with colony counts analyzed.

Main Results:

  • All tested disinfection methods significantly reduced bacterial colonies on the skin.
  • Isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine (Method B) demonstrated superior efficacy compared to isopropyl alcohol and iodine (Method A).
  • No significant difference in efficacy was observed between the two-step Method B and the one-step methods (C and D).

Conclusions:

  • Isopropyl alcohol and chlorhexidine formulations are more efficacious for skin disinfection than isopropyl alcohol and iodine.
  • Both one-step and two-step skin disinfection procedures exhibit comparable effectiveness.
  • A one-step chlorhexidine and isopropyl alcohol kit was successfully implemented at CBS with no adverse effects on blood product contamination.