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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Autoimmune thyroiditis: a model uniquely suited to probe regulatory T cell function.

Yi-Chi M Kong1, Gerald P Morris, Nicholas K Brown

  • 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. ykong@med.wayne.edu

Journal of Autoimmunity
|October 14, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) research reveals how regulatory T cells (Tregs) maintain self-tolerance. Increasing autoantigen levels enhances Treg function, crucial for preventing autoimmune diseases like Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Autoimmunity
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) is a key model for studying T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
  • EAT research has elucidated the roles of MHC restriction and autoantigen in autoimmune susceptibility.
  • The model has been pivotal in understanding self-tolerance mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail how EAT research has advanced the understanding of self-tolerance.
  • To explore the link between circulating autoantigen levels and self-tolerance.
  • To investigate the function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in preventing autoimmunity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing murine experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) models.
  • Investigating the effects of exogenous and endogenous thyroglobulin (Tg) on EAT induction.
  • Analyzing the role of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs in protection against autoimmunity.
  • Employing MHC- and Tg-restricted models, including transgenic mice.

Main Results:

  • Increased circulating autoantigen (thyroglobulin) enhances self-tolerance and resistance to EAT.
  • Thymically-derived CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs mediate protection against autoimmunity.
  • Naturally-existing Tregs require proper costimulation and autoantigen presentation for optimal function.
  • EAT models have clarified the interplay between autoantigen presentation, MHC class II selection, and Treg repertoire development.

Conclusions:

  • EAT research has significantly shaped our understanding of self-tolerance and autoimmunity.
  • Regulatory T cells are critical for maintaining self-tolerance, particularly in the context of autoantigen presentation.
  • The EAT model provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying autoimmune thyroid disease and broader autoimmune conditions.