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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
Two common narrow-range 'line' sources used in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission01:14

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

Molecules possess discrete energy levels called quantum states. Unlike atoms, which have simpler energy levels, molecules possess additional rotational and vibrational energy levels. Each energy level is separated by an energy gap, with the gaps between adjacent electronic, vibrational, and rotational levels varying significantly. The three types of energy levels in a diatomic molecule are shown in Figure 1.
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Overview01:27

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a technique used to analyze elements by measuring electromagnetic radiation (EMR) absorbed by atoms, which causes them to transition to a higher-energy orbit. The most crucial step in AAS is atomization, where the analyte is converted into gas-phase atoms, typically through a flame or furnace. Some of these atoms become thermally excited in the flame, while most remain in the ground state.
When irradiated by EMR of a particular wavelength, these...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab01:21

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
 Solutions containing organic solvents, such as low-molecular-mass alcohols, esters, or ketones, enhance absorbances by increasing nebulizer...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
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Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

Published on: August 6, 2018

Absolute two-photon cross section of Rb measured by differential absorption.

C L Collins, K D Bonin, M A Kadar-Kallen

    Optics Letters
    |October 14, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers measured the two-photon cross section for a rubidium-85 (85Rb) atomic transition. This study achieved sensitive measurements near the shot-noise limit, confirming theoretical predictions with high accuracy.

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    Published on: February 26, 2010

    Area of Science:

    • Atomic Physics
    • Quantum Optics
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Accurate measurement of atomic transition properties is crucial for applications in quantum information and precision metrology.
    • Two-photon spectroscopy offers a sensitive probe of atomic energy levels.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To precisely measure the two-photon cross section for a specific hyperfine transition in rubidium-85 (85Rb).
    • To demonstrate a simple and sensitive differential absorption technique for atomic spectroscopy.

    Main Methods:

    • Employed a differential absorption technique for sensitive measurements.
    • Utilized a detection circuit designed for near shot-noise-limited performance.
    • Focused on the 5(2)S(1/2) to 5(2)D(5/2) hyperfine transition in 85Rb.

    Main Results:

    • Determined the two-photon cross section for the 85Rb transition to be (1.2 ± 0.5) x 10⁻¹⁸ cm⁴/W.
    • Achieved measurements with high sensitivity, approaching the fundamental shot-noise limit.
    • Experimental results showed excellent agreement with theoretical calculations.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed differential absorption technique is effective for precise two-photon spectroscopy.
    • The measured cross section provides valuable data for atomic physics research and applications.
    • The study validates theoretical models for two-photon absorption in alkali atoms.