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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...
Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice
10:31

Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Whole Kidney, Medulla, and Cortical Tubules in Diabetic Pathogenesis of Kidney Injury in Mice

Published on: May 2, 2025

Diabetic nephropathy.

Themis Zelmanovitz1, Fernando Gerchman, Amely Ps Balthazar

  • 1Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. themis.voy@terra.com.br.

Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome
|October 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetic nephropathy screening should include glomerular filtration rate estimation. Early detection and management of risk factors like hyperglycemia and hypertension are crucial for slowing disease progression and reducing cardiovascular risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular mortality.
  • Current staging based on microalbuminuria and macroalbuminuria has limitations, with upper-normal albuminuria indicating high risk.
  • Genetic susceptibility plays a significant role in diabetic nephropathy development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of comprehensive screening for diabetic nephropathy.
  • To emphasize the role of risk factors and pathological characteristics.
  • To outline effective management strategies for retarding disease progression and cardiovascular risk.

Main Methods:

  • Screening involves urine albumin measurement, confirmed with repeat samples if abnormal.
  • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimation is recommended alongside urine albumin.
  • Pathological characteristics in type 1 and type 2 diabetes were reviewed.

Main Results:

  • Upper-normal albuminuria levels are associated with increased risk and higher blood pressure.
  • Some patients show decreased GFR even with normal urine albumin levels.
  • Pathological changes include glomerular/tubular basal membrane thickening, mesangial expansion, and arteriolar hyalinization.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated screening including GFR is essential for early diabetic nephropathy detection.
  • Managing hyperglycemia, hypertension (<130/80 mmHg), dyslipidemia (LDL <100 mg/dl), and utilizing renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers are key strategies.
  • These interventions aim to prevent microalbuminuria, slow nephropathy progression, and reduce cardiovascular mortality in diabetic patients.