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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Virus01:28

Introduction to Virus

Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting
08:40

Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting

Published on: March 1, 2019

Virus entry paradigms.

Manjula Kalia1, Shahid Jameel

  • 1Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.

Amino Acids
|October 15, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viruses enter cells through various pathways, with endocytosis being common for many, especially non-enveloped types. This review explores viral entry mechanisms, highlighting macropinocytosis and fluid phase uptake in viral infection.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting
08:40

Production of Pseudotyped Particles to Study Highly Pathogenic Coronaviruses in a Biosafety Level 2 Setting

Published on: March 1, 2019

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Procedures for the Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitors as Potential Antivirals using MLV-Based Pseudoviruses
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Procedures for the Identification of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Inhibitors as Potential Antivirals using MLV-Based Pseudoviruses

Published on: February 27, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Viruses, though simple, hijack complex host cell processes for replication.
  • Viral entry into host cells is crucial for initiating infection.
  • Entry mechanisms for enveloped viruses are understood, but non-enveloped virus entry remains largely unresolved.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in viral entry mechanisms.
  • To discuss the role of endocytosis in viral cell entry.
  • To highlight differences in membrane traversal for enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on viral entry.
  • Analysis of endocytic pathways utilized by viruses.
  • Comparison of entry mechanisms for enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.

Main Results:

  • Endocytosis is a preferred entry route for many viruses, particularly non-enveloped ones.
  • Clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis are common viral entry portals.
  • Macropinocytosis and fluid phase uptake can facilitate viral infection, even for viruses using specialized pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Viral entry involves diverse strategies, with endocytosis playing a significant role.
  • Understanding viral entry pathways is key to developing antiviral strategies.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the entry mechanisms of all viruses.