Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Development of Immunocompetence

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

International Nursing Organizations II

International Nursing Organizations II

The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Geneva. The WHO has many initiatives that center around health. Primarily, they lead global efforts to expand universal health coverage using science-based policies and programs. They are also responsible for shaping health research agendas and developing norms and standards.
The WHO provides expert team support, including funding, vaccines, testing, and treatment tools at the country level to fight...

Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

Methods Of Healthcare Delivery System

At the different levels of the healthcare system, we see varying methods of healthcare used. These methods include managed care systems, case management, and primary healthcare.
Managed Care System:
The managed care system is designed to control the cost while maintaining the quality of care. The patient's care from admission to discharge is planned by the primary care provider or the case manager, also known as the gatekeeper. In a managed care system, the number of care providers is limited...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Diphtheria outbreak, Northern Territory of Australia, 2025 to 2026.

Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin·2026

Same author

A prioritised research agenda to inform the introduction and use of Lassa fever vaccines in West Africa.

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases·2026

Same author

Priority implementation research for measles-rubella microarray patches identified using the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative methodology.

Journal of global health·2026

Same author

Recording vaccine doses administered: A global analysis of tally sheet design for infant and child immunizations.

PLOS global public health·2025

Same author

Dengue Vaccine Development and Deployment into Routine Immunization.

Vaccines·2025

Same author

A decade of rotavirus vaccination in the World Health Organization African Region: An in-depth analysis of vaccine coverage from 2012 to 2023.

Vaccine·2025

Same journal

Early marriage and women's empowerment: the case of child-brides in Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia.

BMC international health and human rights·2020

Same journal

Correction to: Behind bars: the burden of being a woman in Brazilian prisons.

BMC international health and human rights·2020

Same journal

Quality of life of women from families of martyred individuals in the Kurdistan region of Iraq as a conflict area in the Middle East.

BMC international health and human rights·2020

Same journal

Behind bars: the burden of being a woman in Brazilian prisons.

BMC international health and human rights·2020

Same journal

Engaging with faith groups to prevent VAWG in conflict-affected communities: results from two community surveys in the DRC.

BMC international health and human rights·2020

Same journal

The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in Slovakia and in Finland: one law, two different practices?

BMC international health and human rights·2020

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Published on: October 31, 2010

Global immunization: status, progress, challenges and future.

Philippe Duclos¹, Jean-Marie Okwo-Bele, Marta Gacic-Dobo

¹Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, 20 Ave Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. duclosp@who.int

BMC International Health and Human Rights

|October 16, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Global vaccination programs have significantly reduced disease mortality, like measles, and improved coverage. However, challenges remain in reaching all populations and strengthening immunization systems for new vaccines.

More Related Videos

Micro-Colony Forming Unit Assay for Efficacy Evaluation of Vaccines Against Tuberculosis

Micro-Colony Forming Unit Assay for Efficacy Evaluation of Vaccines Against Tuberculosis

Published on: July 28, 2023

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen

Published on: May 12, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Comprehensive & Cost Effective Laboratory Monitoring of HIV/AIDS: an African Role Model

Published on: October 31, 2010

Micro-Colony Forming Unit Assay for Efficacy Evaluation of Vaccines Against Tuberculosis

Micro-Colony Forming Unit Assay for Efficacy Evaluation of Vaccines Against Tuberculosis

Published on: July 28, 2023

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen

Published on: May 12, 2023

Area of Science:

Public Health
Immunology
Global Health Policy

Background:

Vaccines have historically eradicated smallpox and nearly eradicated poliomyelitis.
The Global Immunization Vision and Strategy (GIVS) aims to strengthen national immunization programs.
Significant progress has been made in reducing measles mortality and increasing vaccination coverage.

Purpose of the Study:

To review global progress and challenges in public vaccination programs.
To highlight achievements in reducing vaccine-preventable disease mortality.
To identify key areas for strengthening immunization systems.

Main Methods:

Review of global vaccination program data and trends.
Analysis of factors contributing to increased immunization coverage.
Identification of remaining challenges and future strategies.

Main Results:

Global measles mortality decreased from 750,000 in 2000 to 197,000 in 2007.
Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus (DPT) vaccine coverage exceeded 80% in most regions by 2007.
Coverage in the WHO African and South-East Asia regions remained below 75% and 69% respectively.

Conclusions:

Sustaining existing immunization activities is crucial alongside new vaccine introduction.
New vaccine introduction presents an opportunity to strengthen overall immunization systems.
Addressing challenges in reaching underserved populations and improving surveillance is essential for GIVS goals.