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Related Concept Videos

Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Chickenpox01:20

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Rabies01:28

Rabies

Rabies is a lethal zoonotic disease caused by a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus of the Lyssavirus genus, within the family Rhabdoviridae. Its primary mode of transmission to humans is through bites or saliva-contaminated scratches from infected mammals such as dogs, bats, raccoons, or foxes. Transmission can also occur if infectious saliva contacts abraded skin or intact mucous membranes, including the conjunctiva.Viral Entry and Early ReplicationOnce introduced at the bite or scratch...
Toxoplasmosis01:28

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasmosis, a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, poses significant public health challenges globally due to its high seroprevalence and varied clinical manifestations. As an obligate intracellular parasite, T. gondii can infect all warm-blooded vertebrates, but felids are its only definitive hosts, shedding unsporulated oocysts into the environment. Humans typically acquire the infection through ingestion of tissue cysts in undercooked meat or oocysts from...
Poliomyelitis01:17

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

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Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection
09:25

Rapid, Seamless Generation of Recombinant Poxviruses using Host Range and Visual Selection

Published on: May 24, 2020

Zoonotic poxviruses.

Sandra Essbauer1, Martin Pfeffer, Hermann Meyer

  • 1Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80539 München, Germany. SandraEssbauer@Bundeswehr.org

Veterinary Microbiology
|October 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Zoonotic poxviruses, like monkeypox and cowpox, pose risks to humans and livestock. This review highlights their epidemiology and transmission, emphasizing orthopoxviruses and potential rodent reservoirs.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Poxviruses are significant pathogens with zoonotic potential, affecting livestock and humans.
  • Despite genomic insights, the natural maintenance and human transmission of poxviruses remain poorly understood.
  • Recent outbreaks of monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia virus underscore the ongoing threat posed by these viruses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of the epidemiology of zoonotic poxviruses, with a focus on orthopoxviruses.
  • To elucidate current knowledge regarding poxvirus transmission dynamics.
  • To increase awareness of infection acquisition routes and diagnostic methods for zoonotic poxviruses.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent epidemiological data on zoonotic poxviruses.
  • Analysis of reported outbreaks and case studies involving human and animal infections.
  • Synthesis of information on viral reservoirs and transmission pathways.

Main Results:

  • Rodents are increasingly recognized as potential reservoirs for various zoonotic poxviruses.
  • The host range of certain poxviruses is broader than previously assumed.
  • Emerging and re-emerging poxvirus infections in humans and animals highlight public health concerns.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced understanding of poxvirus epidemiology and transmission is crucial for public health.
  • Awareness of zoonotic poxvirus risks and diagnostic approaches is essential for prevention and control.
  • Continued surveillance and research are needed to manage the threat of poxviral diseases.