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Related Concept Videos

Development of Antibiotic Resistance01:30

Development of Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance is a major public health concern that arises when bacteria evolve mechanisms to withstand the effects of antibiotic treatments. This resistance can be intrinsic, acquired through genetic mutations, or transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer. The development of antibiotic resistance poses significant challenges in treating bacterial infections and necessitates ongoing research to develop new therapeutic strategies.Intrinsic resistance occurs when bacterial...
Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA01:25

Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance01:25

Clinical Significance of Antibiotic Resistance

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) presents a critical public health threat, arising from its capacity to resist β-lactam antibiotics due to acquisition of the mecA gene within the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). This gene encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which impairs binding efficacy of methicillin and other β-lactams. MRSA has evolved into distinct clonal lineages impacting humans and animals alike, reinforcing its significance within the One...
Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics01:21

Microbiota Modulation by Antibiotics

Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine by saving countless lives from bacterial infections. However, their widespread use has inadvertently harmed the delicate balance of the human gut microbiota. The gut microbiota, a complex community of bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi, plays a vital role in regulating metabolism, immune responses, and maintaining intestinal health. Antibiotics, especially broad-spectrum types, disrupt this ecosystem by eradicating both harmful and beneficial...
Antimicrobial Effectiveness01:28

Antimicrobial Effectiveness

The effectiveness of antimicrobial agents depends on various factors influencing their ability to eliminate microbial populations. Larger microbial populations require more time for complete eradication, emphasizing the importance of population size analysis when evaluating antimicrobial efficacy.Microbial resistance to antimicrobial agents varies significantly. Highly resilient microorganisms include endospores, gram-negative bacteria, and non-enveloped viruses, while prions are exceptionally...
Antibiotic Selection00:57

Antibiotic Selection

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium difficile.

Haihui Huang1, Andrej Weintraub, Hong Fang

  • 1Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
|October 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Clostridium difficile infections are increasing, with rising antimicrobial resistance complicating treatment. Enhanced antibiotic stewardship and infection control are crucial to combat the spread of resistant strains.

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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
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Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile is a primary cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea, with outbreaks increasing since 2003.
  • Emerging antimicrobial resistance in C. difficile complicates treatment and prevention strategies.
  • While vancomycin and metronidazole remain largely effective, transient and heteroresistance have been observed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of Clostridium difficile antimicrobial resistance.
  • To identify factors influencing resistance prevalence, including ribotypes and geographic variations.
  • To highlight the need for improved antibiotic stewardship and infection control measures.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Clostridium difficile resistance mechanisms and prevalence.
  • Analysis of reported resistance rates to various antimicrobial agents.
  • Examination of the relationship between PCR ribotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility.

Main Results:

  • Antimicrobial resistance in C. difficile is variable globally, ranging from 0% to 100%.
  • Common PCR ribotypes are associated with higher resistance rates compared to uncommon ones.
  • Identified resistance mechanisms are typical for Gram-positive bacteria, involving mutation, selection, and gene acquisition.

Conclusions:

  • Urgent implementation of enhanced antibiotic stewardship and infection control is necessary.
  • Preventing the further spread of C. difficile resistance is a critical public health goal.
  • Continued surveillance and research into resistance mechanisms are essential.