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Related Concept Videos

Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation
08:36

An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation

Published on: November 3, 2016

Atomic-nitrogen production in a radio-frequency plasma source.

R P Vaudo, Z Yu, J W Cook

    Optics Letters
    |October 16, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study reveals that the MPD21 nitrogen-plasma source produces nitrogen atoms, crucial for p-type doping in ZnSe:N and related alloys. These findings advance semiconductor material science.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Plasma Physics
    • Semiconductor Technology

    Background:

    • P-type doping of semiconductors like Zinc Selenide (ZnSe) is essential for electronic devices.
    • Nitrogen doping (N) in ZnSe is challenging but critical for achieving p-type conductivity.
    • Understanding the plasma species responsible for doping is key to optimizing the process.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To conduct the first high-resolution optical emission study of the Oxford Applied Research MPD21 nitrogen-plasma source.
    • To identify the active plasma species generated by the MPD21 source.
    • To correlate plasma characteristics with successful p-type doping of ZnSe:N.

    Main Methods:

    • High-resolution optical emission spectroscopy.
    • Analysis of spectroscopic data to identify atomic and molecular species.

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    How to Ignite an Atmospheric Pressure Microwave Plasma Torch without Any Additional Igniters

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    Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

    An Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Setup to Investigate the Reactive Species Formation
    08:36

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    Published on: November 3, 2016

    Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
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    Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

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  • Characterization of plasma generated by the MPD21 nitrogen-plasma source.

    • Main Results:

    • The study provides high-resolution optical emission spectra of the MPD21 nitrogen-plasma source.
    • Spectroscopic results confirm the generation of a significant flux of nitrogen atoms.
    • The presence of nitrogen atoms is directly observed in the plasma.

    Conclusions:

    • The MPD21 nitrogen-plasma source effectively produces nitrogen atoms.
    • Nitrogen atoms are identified as the primary species responsible for p-type doping in ZnSe:N and related alloys.
    • This research clarifies the mechanism behind successful nitrogen doping in these semiconductor materials.