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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Modes of Standing Waves: II01:04

Modes of Standing Waves: II

The starting point for expressing the modes of standing waves is understanding the boundary conditions that the waves must follow. The boundary conditions are derived from the physical understanding of how the standing waves are sustained, that is, how the vibrating particles of the medium behave at the boundaries imposed on them.
For a tube open at one end and closed at the other filled with air, the modes are such that there is always an antinode at the open end and a node at the closed end.
Modes of Standing Waves - I01:03

Modes of Standing Waves - I

A close look at earthquakes provides evidence for the conditions appropriate for resonance, standing waves, and constructive and destructive interference. A building may vibrate for several seconds with a driving frequency matching the building's natural frequency of vibration; this produces a resonance that results in one building collapsing while the neighboring buildings do not. Often, buildings of a certain height are devastated, while other taller buildings remain intact. This phenomenon...
Plane Electromagnetic Waves I01:30

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
The EM field is assumed to be a...
The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
Propagation of Waves01:07

Propagation of Waves

When a wave propagates from one medium to another, part of it may get reflected in the first medium, and part of it may get transmitted to the second medium. In such a case, the interface of the two mediums can be considered as a boundary that is neither fixed nor free.
Consider a scenario where a wave propagates from a string of low linear mass density to a string of high linear mass density. In such a case, the reflected wave is out of phase with respect to the incident wave, however the...

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Confined modes in dual-state two-dimensional waveguides.

C Gu, P Yeh, D Botez

    Optics Letters
    |October 16, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers studied confined modes in dual-state waveguides, which support two modes per segment. A new matrix method was developed to analyze two-dimensional confinement in these multistate waveguides.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Waveguides are crucial for optical communication.
    • Multistate waveguides offer advanced functionalities.
    • Understanding confined modes is essential for device design.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate confined modes in dual-state two-dimensional waveguides.
    • To develop a method for analyzing two-dimensional confinement in multistate waveguides.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a matrix formulation.
    • Extended the conventional effective-index method.
    • Investigated two-dimensional confinement.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully analyzed confined modes in dual-state waveguides.

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  • Demonstrated the capability of the matrix formulation for multistate waveguides.
  • Presented and discussed the results of the two-dimensional confinement analysis.

    • Conclusions:

    • The developed matrix formulation effectively analyzes confined modes in dual-state waveguides.
    • This method advances the understanding of two-dimensional confinement in multistate optical waveguides.