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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

Interaction Quality during Partner Reading.

Elizabeth B Meisinger¹, Paula J Schwanenflugel, Barbara A Bradley

¹University of Georgia.

Journal of Literacy Research : JLR

|October 16, 2009

Summary

Allowing children to choose their reading partners and providing basic script instruction enhances social cooperation in partner reading. Avoid pairing students of similar abilities to improve engagement and learning outcomes.

Area of Science:

Educational Psychology
Child Development
Literacy Education

Background:

Partner reading is a cooperative learning strategy to improve reading fluency.
Social relationships and teacher structure influence cooperative learning effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine how social relationships, positive interdependence, and teacher structure affect partner reading interactions.
To identify optimal conditions for effective partner reading in second-grade classrooms.

Main Methods:

Observation of 43 pairs of second-grade children during partner reading sessions in 12 classrooms.
Evaluation of social cooperation (support, conflict management) and on/off-task behavior.
Analysis of the impact of partner selection method (child choice vs. teacher selection) and script instruction.

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Main Results:

Children who chose their own partners exhibited higher social cooperation.
Lack of positive interdependence within pairs led to decreased on-task behavior.
Basic script instruction correlated with better social cooperation, while elaborated or no instruction showed poorer outcomes.

Conclusions:

Teachers should provide basic partner reading script instruction and permit child-selected partners.
Avoid pairing students with similar ability levels; consider alternative pairings or text adjustments.
Partner reading is an effective and enjoyable strategy for teaching reading fluency.