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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female Drosophila...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Investigation of the Transcriptional Role of a RUNX1 Intronic Silencer by CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells
09:16

Investigation of the Transcriptional Role of a RUNX1 Intronic Silencer by CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells

Published on: September 1, 2019

Perspectives on RUNX genes: an update.

M Michael Cohen1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5981 University Avenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1W2. mmichael.cohenjr@gmail.com

American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A
|October 16, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RUNX genes, crucial for development, have diverse roles and evolutionary paths. Mutations in RUNX1, RUNX2, and RUNX3 are linked to various human diseases, including leukemia and developmental disorders.

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Investigation of the Transcriptional Role of a RUNX1 Intronic Silencer by CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • RUNX genes encode transcription factors with a conserved Runt domain, essential for regulating gene expression.
  • These genes have undergone significant evolutionary diversification, with varying numbers of gene copies across different species.
  • RUNX proteins function as heterodimers, comprising a DNA-binding alpha subunit and a non-DNA binding beta subunit.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental biological characteristics of RUNX genes.
  • To explore the evolutionary trajectory and structural diversity of RUNX gene families.
  • To elucidate the roles of RUNX genes in cellular processes and their association with human diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on RUNX gene biology, evolution, and clinical significance.
  • Analysis of gene structure, including promoters, exons, and isoforms.
  • Examination of regulatory mechanisms, such as pathway mediation and epigenetic control.

Main Results:

  • RUNX genes exhibit complex expression patterns, acting synergistically or temporally in similar tissues.
  • Specific RUNX proteins (e.g., RUNX1, RUNX3) play critical roles in T-cell development and gene silencing.
  • Mutations in RUNX genes are associated with distinct pathologies: RUNX1 (thrombocytopenia, leukemia), RUNX2 (cleidocranial dysplasia), and RUNX3 (gastric adenocarcinoma).

Conclusions:

  • RUNX genes are vital regulators with diverse functions, from embryonic development to immune cell differentiation.
  • Dysregulation and mutations in RUNX genes lead to a spectrum of human diseases, highlighting their clinical importance.
  • Further research into RUNX gene pathways and mutation consequences is warranted for therapeutic development.