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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction01:30

Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction

Venous thrombosis, the most common disorder of the veins, involves the formation of a thrombus or blood clot associated with vein inflammation. It can be classified as either superficial vein thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis.Superficial Vein Thrombosis: This involves the formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein. Though less severe than deep vein thrombosis (DVT), SVT can lead to complications if untreated.Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Endovascular Perforation Model for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Combined with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
06:30

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Published on: December 16, 2021

Underlying venous pathology causing perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Jaejoon Lee1, Eun-Mi Koh, Chin-Sang Chung

  • 1Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Centre, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques
|October 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (PSH) may stem from venous system issues. Our cases suggest cerebral venous thrombosis and venulitis as potential causes for PSH.

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Double Direct Injection of Blood into the Cisterna Magna as a Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
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Published on: August 30, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Neurology
  • Neuroradiology

Background:

  • Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage (PSH) is a subtype of subarachnoid hemorrhage with a generally favorable prognosis.
  • The exact cause of PSH remains unclear, prompting investigation into less common etiologies.
  • This study explores a potential link between venous system abnormalities and PSH.

Observation:

  • Three patients presented with PSH and distinct venous system pathologies.
  • Case 1: PSH with cerebral venous thrombosis and hemorrhagic infarct.
  • Cases 2 & 3: PSH associated with Behçet's disease, a condition known to affect cerebral venules.

Findings:

  • Cerebral angiography in one patient revealed widespread cerebral venous thrombosis.
  • Two patients had PSH in the context of Behçet's disease, indicating cerebral venulitis.
  • These findings suggest that venous system dysfunction can lead to PSH.

Implications:

  • The results propose that venous system pathology is a significant factor in PSH development.
  • Understanding these venous origins could refine diagnostic approaches to PSH.
  • Further research into venous abnormalities may elucidate the pathophysiology of PSH.