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Mutations

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

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PET and MRI Guided Irradiation of a Glioblastoma Rat Model Using a Micro-irradiator

PET and MRI Guided Irradiation of a Glioblastoma Rat Model Using a Micro-irradiator

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Radiation-induced gliomas.

Gautam Prasad¹, Daphne A Haas-Kogan

¹University of California San Francisco, Helen Diller Family Cancer Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, 1600 Divisadero Street, Suite H1031, San Francisco, CA 94143-1708, USA. prasadg@radonc.ucsf.edu

Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics

|October 17, 2009

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Therapeutic radiation increases glioma risk in children and adults, but diagnostic radiation does not. Aggressive treatment may improve outcomes for radiation-induced gliomas despite neurotoxicity concerns.

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Area of Science:

Neuro-oncology
Radiation oncology
Pediatric oncology

Background:

Radiation-induced gliomas are rare but well-documented neuro-oncologic entities.
Pediatric studies show increased glioma risk after intracranial radiation, dependent on patient age and radiation dose/volume.
Adult data are limited but indicate heightened risk in specific radiation-exposed groups.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the incidence, risk factors, molecular characteristics, and clinical management of radiation-induced gliomas.
To differentiate risks associated with therapeutic versus diagnostic radiation exposure.
To evaluate treatment strategies for radiation-induced gliomas.

Main Methods:

Retrospective cohort data analysis in pediatric and adult populations.
Review of neuro-oncologic literature on radiation-induced gliomas.
Examination of molecular data regarding genetic differences.

Main Results:

Therapeutic intracranial radiation increases glioma risk in pediatric patients (age/dose-dependent) and certain adult groups.
No increased glioma risk is associated with routine diagnostic radiation exposure in either population.
Conflicting data exist on distinct molecular differences between radiation-induced and spontaneous gliomas.
Aggressive intervention may improve outcomes in radiation-induced gliomas, despite concerns about cumulative neurotoxicity.

Conclusions:

Radiation-induced gliomas are a recognized risk following therapeutic radiation, particularly in pediatric patients.
Diagnostic radiation does not appear to elevate glioma risk.
Further research is needed to clarify molecular distinctions and optimize treatment strategies for radiation-induced gliomas.