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Related Concept Videos

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

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Other Unique Bacteria01:18

Other Unique Bacteria

Magnetic bacteria exhibit a directed movement called magnetotaxis, driven by structures called magnetosomes. These magnetosomes consist of chains of magnetic particles made of either magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or greigite (Fe₃S₄) and are organized in a linear conformation by a protein scaffold within invaginations of the cell membrane. The bacteria align along the north–south magnetic field lines, much like a compass needle. They are typically microaerophilic or anaerobic and are commonly found near the...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair
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Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair

Published on: May 24, 2017

DNA distress: just ring 9-1-1.

Michael Kemp1, Aziz Sancar

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

Current Biology : CB
|October 17, 2009
PubMed
Summary

The Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 (9-1-1) clamp is crucial for DNA damage response. Its crystal structure reveals how it loads and interacts with repair enzymes, offering new insights into DNA repair mechanisms.

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 checkpoint clamp (9-1-1) is essential for cellular DNA damage response.
  • Understanding the 9-1-1 clamp's structure and function is key to comprehending DNA repair pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural basis of the 9-1-1 clamp's function in DNA damage response.
  • To gain insight into the mechanism of 9-1-1 clamp loading onto DNA.
  • To understand the interaction of the 9-1-1 clamp with DNA damage checkpoint and repair enzymes.

Main Methods:

  • X-ray crystallography to determine the 3D structure of the 9-1-1 clamp.
  • Biochemical assays to study clamp loading and interactions with other proteins.

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Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage
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Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy
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Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Published on: June 8, 2018

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Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair
10:59

Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair

Published on: May 24, 2017

Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage
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Visualizing and Quantifying Endonuclease-Based Site-Specific DNA Damage

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Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy
08:31

Characterizing DNA Repair Processes at Transient and Long-lasting Double-strand DNA Breaks by Immunofluorescence Microscopy

Published on: June 8, 2018

Main Results:

  • Three independent research groups have successfully determined the crystal structure of the 9-1-1 clamp.
  • Structural data provides new insights into the loading mechanism of the 9-1-1 clamp.
  • The structures reveal how the 9-1-1 clamp associates with DNA damage checkpoint and repair enzymes.

Conclusions:

  • The determined crystal structures of the 9-1-1 clamp offer a detailed molecular understanding of its role in DNA damage signaling.
  • This structural information facilitates further investigation into the regulation of DNA repair and checkpoint control.