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Synaptic Signaling

Synaptic Signaling

Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
Most synapses are chemical, meaning an electrical impulse or action potential spurs the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. The neuron sending the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron receiving the signal is the postsynaptic neuron.
The presynaptic neuron fires an action potential that...

Synaptic Signaling

Synaptic Signaling

Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.

Glial Cells

Glial Cells

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor: Gating Mechanism

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...

Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Neurotransmitters

When an action potential reaches the presynaptic axon terminal, it releases neurotransmitters from the neuron into the synaptic cleft at a chemical synapse. The released neurotransmitter can be excitatory or inhibitory. The critical criteria commonly used to determine whether a molecule is a neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse are the molecule's presence in the presynaptic neuron. Second, its release is in response to strong presynaptic depolarization. And lastly, the presence of specific...

Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells

Nervous Tissue: Glial Cells

Glia, or neuroglia, are vital support cells that assist neurons in their functions. The term "glia" originates from the Greek word for "glue," reflecting their role in holding the nervous system together. These cells can be categorized into six types: four in the central nervous system (CNS) and two in the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS glial cell includes the astrocytes, the oligodendrocytes, the microglia, and the ependymal cells.
Astrocytes are star-shaped glial cells that interact...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Presynaptically Silent Synapses Studied with Light Microscopy

Presynaptically Silent Synapses Studied with Light Microscopy

Published on: January 4, 2010

REMOVED: Ion changes and signalling in perisynaptic glia.

Joachim W Deitmer¹, Christine R Rose

¹Abteilung für Allgemeine Zoologie, FB Biologie, TU Kaiserslautern, Postfach 3049, D-67653 Kaiserslautern, Germany.

|October 20, 2009

Summary

This article has been withdrawn by the publisher due to policy reasons. Further information regarding the article withdrawal is available via the provided link.

Area of Science:

Article withdrawal procedures
Scientific publishing ethics

Background:

Article removed due to policy violation.
Publisher's standard withdrawal protocol initiated.

Purpose of the Study:

To inform readers of the article's removal.
To provide a reference to the withdrawal policy.

Main Methods:

Article withdrawal executed by the publisher.
Notification disseminated to relevant parties.

Main Results:

The article is no longer available.
The withdrawal is in accordance with established policies.

Conclusions:

The article has been officially retracted.

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Quantifying Synapses: an Immunocytochemistry-based Assay to Quantify Synapse Number

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

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Readers should refer to the withdrawal policy for details.