[Leishmaniases in France: an update]

Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases due to a flagellate protozoan of the genus Leishmania. They are transmitted from mammal to mammal by the bite of an arthropod vector: a female sandfly. Among the different clinical presentations, the zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) is due to Leishmania infantum. Dogs are the reservoir and can develop a deadly disease. ZVL is described in China, Pakistan, Latin America and in the Mediterranean region, particularly in the South of France. In recent years, many asymptomatic carriers have been described. Despite the fact that cases in immunocompromised adults are the majority, the classic Mediterranean ZVL in young children is still observed. The classic triad of symptoms is: fever, pallor, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly in half of the cases. The biological orientation is a low blood count (anemia, leuconeutropenia, and thrombocytopenia) and an inflammatory syndrome. Serological tests are useful, but the diagnosis is made by the identification of the parasite in a bone marrow sample. Today, the treatment is done by the liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome) and the total dose must to be 20 mg/kg.