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Related Concept Videos

Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

Drug Toxicity: Overview

Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

Toxic Reactions: Overview

When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
Toxicity falls into two primary categories: local and systemic.
Local toxicity appears at the exposure site, such as protein denaturation caused by caustic substances.
In contrast, systemic toxicity requires the toxic agent's absorption and distribution,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians
06:49

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians

Published on: March 14, 2014

Amphotericin B: side effects and toxicity.

Rafael Laniado-Laborín1, Maria Noemí Cabrales-Vargas

  • 1Facultad de Medicina Tijuana, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexico. rafaellaniado@gmail.com

Revista Iberoamericana De Micologia
|October 20, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Amphotericin B treats fungal infections by disrupting cell membranes. Sodium loading can significantly reduce the risk and severity of its kidney toxicity, a common side effect.

Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Pharmacology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Amphotericin B (AmB) is essential for treating severe systemic fungal infections.
  • AmB toxicity, particularly nephrotoxicity, often necessitates treatment cessation.
  • Lipid formulations are a common strategy to mitigate AmB side effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of sodium loading on Amphotericin B-induced nephrotoxicity.
  • To identify risk factors associated with Amphotericin B nephrotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical studies examining Amphotericin B administration and patient outcomes.
  • Analysis of factors contributing to Amphotericin B-induced renal injury.
  • Evaluation of the protective effects of sodium loading on kidney function.

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Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans
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Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans

Published on: March 24, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians
06:49

Reduced Itraconazole Concentration and Durations Are Successful in Treating Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Infection in Amphibians

Published on: March 14, 2014

Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans
04:48

Rose Bengal-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy to Inhibit Candida albicans

Published on: March 24, 2022

Main Results:

  • Amphotericin B functions by binding ergosterol in fungal membranes, leading to cell death.
  • Risk factors for nephrotoxicity include male gender, high AmB dose, diuretic use, obesity, and concurrent nephrotoxic drugs.
  • Sodium loading demonstrably reduces the incidence and severity of AmB-induced nephrotoxicity.

Conclusions:

  • Amphotericin B remains a vital antifungal agent, but its toxicity is a significant clinical challenge.
  • Understanding and mitigating nephrotoxicity is crucial for effective AmB therapy.
  • Adequate sodium administration is a simple yet effective strategy to prevent Amphotericin B-related kidney damage.