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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Published on: August 4, 2021

Recurrent second trimester pregnancy loss: evaluation and management.

Stephanie Dukhovny¹, Priyanka Zutshi, Jodi F Abbott

¹Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity

|October 20, 2009

Summary

This review emphasizes evaluating recurrent second trimester pregnancy loss. A systematic protocol aids clinicians in managing subsequent pregnancies for optimal outcomes.

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Platform for Quantitative Detection of Endometrial Immune Cells Based on Immunohistochemistry and Digital Image Analysis

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Published on: October 13, 2023

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Multiplexed Fluorescent Immunohistochemical Staining of Four Endometrial Immune Cell Types in Recurrent Miscarriage

Published on: August 4, 2021

Platform for Quantitative Detection of Endometrial Immune Cells Based on Immunohistochemistry and Digital Image Analysis

Platform for Quantitative Detection of Endometrial Immune Cells Based on Immunohistochemistry and Digital Image Analysis

Published on: October 13, 2023

Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Obstetrics
Genetics

Background:

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) typically focuses on first trimester losses.
Second trimester losses are often evaluated for isolated causes.
A comprehensive approach to recurrent second trimester loss is needed.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the importance of evaluating second trimester pregnancy loss.
To review evidence-based evaluation and management for recurrent second trimester losses.
To present a management protocol for current pregnancies with a history of recurrent second trimester losses.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature review.
Incorporation of all loss presentations into a stepwise paradigm.
Development of a practical management protocol.

Main Results:

Previous literature often focused on isolated causes of second trimester loss.
This review integrates diverse presentations into a unified evaluative framework.
A systematic approach to recurrent second trimester loss is established.

Conclusions:

A thorough, systematic, and practical approach is essential for managing recurrent pregnancy loss.
This protocol aims to maximize the chances of a successful pregnancy outcome.
Clinicians are provided with a guide for comprehensive patient management.