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Related Concept Videos

Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
Mass Spectrometry: Amine Fragmentation00:55

Mass Spectrometry: Amine Fragmentation

Amines can be identified using mass spectroscopy based on their characteristic fragmentation patterns. The molecular ions of amines undergo fragmentation via ⍺-cleavage. The ⍺-cleavage of the carbon-carbon bonds in amines generates an alkyl radical and resonance-stabilized nitrogen-containing cation.
In amines, the number of nitrogen atoms affects the mass of the molecular ion, which is described by the nitrogen rule of mass spectrometry. This rule states that a compound containing a single or...
Mass Spectrum: Interpretation01:24

Mass Spectrum: Interpretation

An unknown compound can be established by identifying the molecular ion peak in the mass spectrum. The molecular ion peak is often weak or absent due to the predominance of fragmentation in high-energy electron beams. In such cases, a soft-energy electron beam can be used to scan the spectrum to enhance the intensity of the molecular ion peak. Additionally, chemical ionization, field ionization, and desorption ionization spectra are used to obtain a relatively intense molecular ion peak.To...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the aerosol...
¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview00:58

¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview

The intensity of a signal, which can be represented by the area under the peak, depends on the number of protons contributing to that signal. The area under each peak is shown as a vertical line called an integral, with the integral value listed under it, as seen in the proton NMR spectrum of benzyl acetate. Each integral value is divided by the smallest integral value to obtain the ratio of the number of protons producing each signal. The ratio reveals the relative number of protons and not...
Mass Spectrometry of Amines01:15

Mass Spectrometry of Amines

In mass spectroscopy, amines undergo fragmentation to give parent ions with odd molecule weights. This observed mass spectrum follows the nitrogen rule; a molecule with an odd number of nitrogen atoms produces a molecular ion with an odd molecular weight. Amines undergo fragmentation through α cleavage, producing nitrogen-containing cations—iminium ions—and alkyl radicals. Mass spectra of aromatic and cyclic aliphatic amines exhibit strong molecular ion peaks, but acyclic aliphatic amines show...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
08:22

Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

Published on: May 15, 2020

[A spectral analysis method for total volatile base nitrogen].

Yan Yao1, Ping Zhang, Yong-Heng Chen

  • 1Schools of Life Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.

Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu
|October 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A new reflectance spectroscopy method accurately measures total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) in food. This technique offers a simple, sensitive way to monitor fish and pork freshness, revealing accelerated spoilage over time.

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On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes
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On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Published on: October 7, 2020

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography
08:22

Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

Published on: May 15, 2020

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes
07:49

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

Published on: August 5, 2016

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
08:05

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Published on: October 7, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Food Science

Context:

  • Assessing food freshness is crucial for consumer safety and quality control.
  • Traditional methods for determining spoilage indicators like TVB-N can be time-consuming and complex.
  • There is a need for rapid, sensitive, and user-friendly analytical techniques.

Purpose:

  • To develop and validate a novel method for quantifying total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) using reflectance spectroscopy.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of this new method for monitoring the freshness of fish and pork.
  • To elucidate the fundamental principles, influencing factors, and optimal conditions for the reflectance spectroscopy method.

Summary:

  • A new method utilizing reflectance spectroscopy for total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) determination was developed.
  • The method relies on the reaction of TVB-N with Nessler's reagent and measurement of the reflectance-absorption value F(R).
  • Key advantages include operational simplicity, high sensitivity (detection limit 0.1 µg/mL), and minimal reagent usage, with linear calibration from 1-8 µg/mL.

Impact:

  • The developed method provides a simple and sensitive tool for assessing the freshness of fish and pork.
  • Application revealed that TVB-N increases rapidly with time, indicating accelerated deterioration in both fish and pork.
  • Findings suggest fish deteriorates faster than pork, offering valuable insights into food spoilage kinetics.