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Related Concept Videos

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats
05:55

Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats

Published on: September 27, 2024

Calcium complexation by corticosteroids.

Melanie R Hauser1, Kenneth M Doxsee, Håkon Hope

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA.

Inorganic Chemistry
|October 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cortisone and hydrocortisone form calcium complexes with specific stoichiometries in solution and solid states. The alpha-hydroxy ketone group acts as a calcium chelator, influencing crystal structures and supramolecular assembly.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats
05:55

Tension-Free Weight-Bearing Model of Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head in Rats

Published on: September 27, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Cortisone and hydrocortisone are corticosteroids with known biological activity.
  • Calcium ions play crucial roles in biological systems.
  • Understanding steroid-calcium interactions is important for pharmacology and biochemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solution and solid-state complexation of cortisone and hydrocortisone with calcium ions.
  • To determine the stoichiometry and formation constants of these complexes.
  • To elucidate the structural features governing calcium binding by steroids.

Main Methods:

  • Solution studies using formation constants.
  • X-ray crystallography for solid-state structure determination.
  • Spectroscopic analysis to confirm binding modes.

Main Results:

  • Cortisone and hydrocortisone form 2:1 steroid/Ca(2+) complexes in solution.
  • X-ray analysis reveals 2:1 stoichiometry for cortisone-calcium and 1:1 for hydrocortisone-calcium complexes in the solid state.
  • The alpha-hydroxy ketone moiety acts as a bidentate chelator for calcium in all studied complexes.
  • Extensive hydrogen-bonding networks contribute to supramolecular complexation of chloride anions.

Conclusions:

  • Steroid-calcium complexation is dependent on the specific steroid structure and physical state.
  • The alpha-hydroxy ketone group is a key binding site for calcium.
  • Hydrogen bonding and chloride ions play significant roles in the overall supramolecular architecture of these complexes.