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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity
10:39

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity

Published on: June 25, 2015

M2e-based universal influenza A vaccine.

Walter Fiers1, Marina De Filette, Karim El Bakkouri

  • 1Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent & Department for Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium. fiers@dmbr.UGent.be

Vaccine
|October 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

A novel influenza A vaccine using the ectodomain of matrix protein 2 (M2e) shows promise for universal protection. This M2e vaccine candidate is safe, immunogenic, and effective in animal models, with early clinical trials underway.

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Quantitative Analyses of all Influenza Type A Viral Hemagglutinins and Neuraminidases using Universal Antibodies in Simple Slot Blot Assays

Published on: April 4, 2011

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13:12

Quantitative Analyses of all Influenza Type A Viral Hemagglutinins and Neuraminidases using Universal Antibodies in Simple Slot Blot Assays

Published on: April 4, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Seasonal influenza vaccines offer limited protection against future pandemics.
  • Current vaccines rely on predicting epidemic strains, posing a significant challenge for pandemic preparedness.
  • A universal influenza vaccine is needed to address limitations of existing seasonal vaccines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the potential of an influenza matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) vaccine as a universal influenza A vaccine.
  • To assess the safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy of M2e-based vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Development of chimeric M2e-virus-like particle vaccines using a bacterial expression system.
  • Preclinical testing in animal models to assess protection against lethal influenza A virus challenge.
  • Phase I clinical studies to evaluate safety and immunogenicity in humans.

Main Results:

  • M2e is highly conserved across human and avian influenza A viruses.
  • Chimeric M2e vaccines are produced safely and purely in bacterial systems.
  • Animal models demonstrated protection against diverse influenza A subtypes.
  • Phase I trials confirmed M2e-vaccine safety and immunogenicity.

Conclusions:

  • M2e-based vaccines represent a promising strategy for a universal influenza A vaccine.
  • The conserved nature of M2e offers potential broad protection against influenza A strains.
  • Further clinical development is warranted to confirm efficacy in humans for pandemic preparedness.