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Related Concept Videos

Anastomoses01:19

Anastomoses

In human anatomy, anastomosis refers to a connection or opening between two things, particularly between blood vessels or other tubular structures. The term is derived from the Greek term 'anastomosis,' which means 'outlet' or 'opening.' This natural network of connections plays a critical role in the survival and functionality of the human body.
Anastomoses can be formed at arterial, venous, and lymphatic vessels.
Arterial Anastomosis: These occur between arteries. They are most common in...
Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:21

Aneurysm II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Thoracic, aortic arch and abdominal aneurysms are significant vascular conditions that can present with various clinical manifestations and lead to serious complications. Understanding these manifestations and the appropriate diagnostic studies is essential for effective management and treatment.Thoracic Aortic AneurysmsThoracic aortic aneurysms often remain asymptomatic until they reach a size that impinges on adjacent structures. They typically cause deep, diffuse chest pain that radiates to...
Aneurysm I: Introduction01:30

Aneurysm I: Introduction

An aortic aneurysm is a localized outpouching or dilation at a weak point in the artery wall. It may involve different parts of the aorta, such as the abdominal aorta, aortic arch, or thoracic aorta.Etiological factorsSeveral disorders are associated with aortic aneurysms.Congenital causes, such as primary connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, impact the integrity and strength of connective tissues, notably affecting the aorta. Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that specifically...
Aneurysm IV: Nursing Management01:22

Aneurysm IV: Nursing Management

Vigilant monitoring for aneurysm rupture is essential for patients undergoing aortic surgery.Preoperative Nursing ManagementContinuously monitor the patient for manifestations of aneurysm rupture, such as pallor, weakness, tachycardia, hypotension, abdominal, back, groin, or periumbilical pain, changes in consciousness, and a pulsating abdominal mass. Regularly assess the patient's peripheral pulses.Instruct the patient to consume a clear liquid diet the day before surgery and administer...

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Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
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Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

Ependymoma: an update.

Stergios Zacharoulis1, Lucas Moreno

  • 1Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey, United Kingdom. stergios.zacharoulis@rmh.nhs.uk

Journal of Child Neurology
|October 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Ependymoma, a common pediatric brain tumor, has variable survival rates. Complete surgical removal is key for better outcomes, with ongoing research into new therapies for relapsed cases.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric neuro-oncology
  • Brain tumor research
  • Cancer biology

Background:

  • Ependymoma is the third most frequent brain tumor in children.
  • Current 5-year survival rates for pediatric ependymoma range widely from 24% to 75%.
  • Prognosis is significantly impacted by the extent of surgical tumor resection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated review of pediatric ependymoma, covering biology, diagnosis, and treatment.
  • To highlight key factors influencing patient outcomes and current therapeutic strategies.
  • To discuss emerging treatments and future directions in clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review on pediatric ependymoma.
  • Analysis of factors influencing survival, including surgical resection, age, location, grade, and stage.

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  • Evaluation of current standard treatments (surgery, radiotherapy) and adjuvant therapies (chemotherapy).

    • Main Results:

    • Extent of surgical resection is the primary determinant of outcome.
    • The role of age, location, grade, and stage in prognosis remains controversial.
    • Chemotherapy is beneficial in infants to delay radiotherapy and improve resectability; relapse occurs in about half of patients with poor outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Complete surgical resection is crucial for improving outcomes in pediatric ependymoma.
    • New therapeutic approaches, including advanced radiation techniques, reirradiation, chemotherapy, and targeted agents, show promise.
    • Multi-institutional trials are needed to establish optimal first-line treatments and explore novel biologic-driven therapies.