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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery
06:40

An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery

Published on: June 8, 2021

Mortality in anesthesia: a systematic review.

Leandro Gobbo Braz1, Danilo Gobbo Braz, Deyvid Santos da Cruz

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil. lbraz@fmb.unesp.br

Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil)
|October 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This review shows anesthesia-related mortality has decreased globally, but perioperative mortality remains higher in Brazil. Key causes include airway and cardiocirculatory events.

Keywords:
AnesthesiaCardiac ArrestMortalityPerioperativeReview

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery
06:40

An In Vivo Mouse Model of Total Intravenous Anesthesia During Cancer Resection Surgery

Published on: June 8, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Public Health
  • Surgical Outcomes

Background:

  • Perioperative and anesthesia-related mortality are critical indicators of surgical safety.
  • Understanding trends and causes is essential for improving patient outcomes.
  • Previous studies have indicated variations in mortality rates across different regions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and evaluate the incidence and causes of perioperative and anesthesia-related mortality.
  • To compare mortality rates in Brazil with those in the rest of the world.
  • To identify risk factors and primary causes of mortality.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of Brazilian and worldwide studies.
  • Searched Medline and Scielo databases, supplemented by manual searches.
  • Included studies published between 1954 and 2007, assessing 33 trials.

Main Results:

  • Anesthesia-related mortality declined globally to <1 per 10,000 anesthetics in the last two decades.
  • Perioperative mortality decreased in developed countries (<20 per 10,000 anesthetics).
  • Brazil exhibited higher perioperative mortality (19-51 per 10,000 anesthetics) and similar anesthesia-related mortality rates compared to developed nations.

Conclusions:

  • Perioperative mortality rates in Brazil exceed those in developed countries.
  • Anesthesia-related mortality rates are comparable between Brazil and developed countries.
  • Cardiocirculatory events and airway management issues are primary causes of anesthesia-related mortality, highlighting areas for targeted interventions.