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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
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Muscles that Move the Head

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Rotation of Asymmetric Top01:11

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By definition, a spherically symmetric body has the same moment of inertia about any axis passing through its center of mass. This situation changes if there is no spherical symmetry. Since most rigid bodies are not spherically symmetric, these require special treatment.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
10:07

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Published on: February 10, 2015

Internal rotation deficits affect scapular positioning in baseball players.

Stephen J Thomas1, Kathleen A Swanik, Charles B Swanik

  • 1University of Delaware, 807 Waters Edge Drive, Newark, DE 19702, USA. sjthomas@udel.edu

Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
|October 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Baseball players with significant glenohumeral internal rotation deficits (GIRD) exhibit altered scapular motion. This suggests a need to address both GIRD and scapular stability in athletes.

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Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact
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Published on: March 12, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedics
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Glenohumeral internal rotation deficits (GIRD) are anecdotally linked to scapular dysfunction.
  • Scapular dysfunction involves abnormal scapula position or motion relative to the thoracic cage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if baseball players with GIRD (≥15°) have decreased dominant arm scapular upward rotation and increased protraction compared to those with GIRD (<15°).

Main Methods:

  • Studied 43 asymptomatic baseball players, divided into GIRD (≥15°) and lower GIRD (<15°) groups.
  • Measured glenohumeral internal rotation, scapular upward rotation at various abduction angles, and scapular protraction.

Main Results:

  • The GIRD (≥15°) group showed significantly less scapular upward rotation at 60°, 90°, and 120° abduction.
  • Increased scapular protraction at 90° abduction was observed in the dominant arm of the GIRD (≥15°) group.

Conclusions:

  • Baseball players with greater GIRD demonstrate altered scapular position and motion.
  • Minimizing GIRD and strengthening scapular stabilizers may be beneficial for this population.