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Related Concept Videos

The Retina01:32

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Generation of Retinal Organoids from Healthy and Retinal Disease-Specific Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Progenitor cell maturation in the developing vertebrate retina.

Hyun-Jin Yang1, Amila O Silva, Naoko Koyano-Nakagawa

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, and Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists
|October 21, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Retinal progenitor cells transition from self-renewal to differentiation. This switch involves molecular changes, including Sox2, E2A, and Notch signaling, regulated by sonic hedgehog at the neurogenic front.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Cell biology

Background:

  • Retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) initially undergo symmetric cell divisions, expanding the progenitor pool.
  • Later, RPCs transition to asymmetric divisions, producing one progenitor and one differentiating cell, or undergo terminal differentiation.
  • Understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling this transition is crucial for retinal development and regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular differences between preneurogenic and neurogenic RPCs.
  • To identify the signaling pathways that regulate the switch in RPC division modes.
  • To characterize the transition from a proliferative to a differentiative state in the developing retina.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of gene expression in RPCs at different developmental stages.
  • Investigating the role of Notch signaling in maintaining the progenitor state.
  • Examining the influence of sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling on RPC maturation.

Main Results:

  • Pre-neurogenic RPCs express Sox2 and Delta1, maintained by Notch signaling.
  • Neurogenic RPCs express Sox2 and E2A, with diminished Delta1 expression.
  • Sonic hedgehog signaling at the neurogenic front appears to trigger maturation, possibly by downregulating Delta1.

Conclusions:

  • The transition from pre-neurogenic to neurogenic RPCs is a coordinated, unidirectional process.
  • Notch signaling is essential for maintaining the pre-neurogenic state.
  • Sonic hedgehog signaling plays a key role in initiating RPC maturation at the neurogenic front.