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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice
09:13

Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice

Published on: July 11, 2025

Hypoxia and neurodegeneration.

Chris Peers1, Mark L Dallas, Hannah E Boycott

  • 1Faculties of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom. c.s.peers@leeds.ac.uk

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|October 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Chronic hypoxia, a condition linked to cardiorespiratory disorders, increases amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) production, a key factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. Understanding these hypoxia-induced changes is crucial for potentially treating this neurodegenerative condition.

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Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence
12:03

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

Published on: February 21, 2012

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice
09:13

Hypoxia Alters miRNAs Levels Involved in Non-Mendelian Inheritance of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mice

Published on: July 11, 2025

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence
12:03

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

Published on: February 21, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Chronic hypoxia, often resulting from cardiorespiratory disorders, is a risk factor for dementia, including Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Alzheimer's disease is pathologically defined by extracellular amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) plaques.
  • Hypoxia has been shown to increase Abeta production in various cell types, both in vivo and in vitro.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which chronic hypoxia influences Abeta production and related cellular processes.
  • To explore the relationship between hypoxia-induced cellular adaptations, Abeta formation, and the development of Alzheimer's disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies examining the effects of hypoxia on Abeta precursor protein (APP) and secretase enzyme expression.
  • Analysis of research on hypoxia-induced alterations in Abeta degradation pathways.
  • Examination of studies investigating cell-specific responses to hypoxia and their dependence on Abeta formation.

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia alters the expression of APP and secretase enzymes involved in Abeta cleavage.
  • Reduced Abeta degradation is implicated as a mechanism contributing to increased Abeta levels under hypoxic conditions.
  • Cellular adaptations to hypoxia, including changes in calcium homeostasis, can occur with or without Abeta formation, indicating complex regulatory pathways.

Conclusions:

  • The molecular and cellular responses to hypoxia provide insight into the clinical association between hypoxia and increased AD incidence.
  • Further research is needed to determine if targeting hypoxia-induced effects can prevent or slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Cell-specific responses to hypoxia highlight the complexity of Abeta regulation in neurodegenerative diseases.