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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

[Effector function plasticity of T helper lymphocytes].

O Frey1, T Kamradt

  • 1Institut für Immunologie, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Leutragraben 3, 07740, Jena, Deutschland. oliver.frey@mti.uni-jena.de

Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie
|October 23, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

T helper (Th) cells exhibit surprising plasticity, challenging the notion of stable subsets. This Th cell interconvertibility offers new therapeutic targets for immune diseases.

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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
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Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Context:

  • T helper (Th) cells are traditionally classified into distinct, stable subsets based on cytokine profiles.
  • Recent research indicates significant plasticity and interconvertibility among these Th cell subsets.

Purpose:

  • To explore the implications of Th cell plasticity in the context of immunopathological diseases.
  • To highlight the potential for therapeutic intervention targeting Th cell functions.

Summary:

  • Th cells, previously thought to be rigidly defined by cytokine production, demonstrate a higher degree of functional flexibility than anticipated.
  • This interconvertibility suggests that Th cell effector functions are not fixed and can be modulated.

Impact:

  • The plasticity of Th cells opens avenues for novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Immune responses in late-stage immunopathological conditions may be amenable to modulation due to Th cell interconvertibility.