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Prenatal programming of postnatal development in the pig.

G R Foxcroft1, W T Dixon, M K Dyck

  • 1Swine Reproduction-Development Program, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada. george.foxcroft@ualberta.ca

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Summary

Low birth weight piglets exhibit reduced growth and poor carcass quality. Prenatal programming, influenced by uterine crowding and maternal metabolism, significantly impacts piglet development and future performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Science
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Low birth weight (LBW) piglets demonstrate diminished growth potential and inferior carcass quality.
  • In commercial sows, litter birth weight variation is a primary driver of postnatal growth performance.
  • LBW in pigs is linked to an imbalance between ovulation rate and uterine capacity, driven by selection for larger litter sizes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the underlying mechanisms of prenatal programming affecting low birth weight piglets.
  • To explore the impact of uterine crowding and maternal metabolic state on embryonic and fetal development.
  • To identify potential genetic and epigenetic factors influencing piglet growth and development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing experimental studies on piglet development and prenatal programming.
  • Analysis of factors influencing placental and fetal development during gestation.
  • Exploration of gene imprinting, metabolism, nutrition, and methylation interactions.

Main Results:

  • Uterine crowding at day 30 of gestation is hypothesized to impair placental development, subsequently affecting fetal growth.
  • Embryonic myogenic gene expression is altered as early as day 30 of gestation.
  • Maternal metabolic state and catabolism can impact oocyte quality and early embryonic development, independent of uterine crowding.

Conclusions:

  • Prenatal programming, influenced by uterine crowding and maternal metabolic factors, plays a critical role in low birth weight piglet outcomes.
  • Gene imprinting, influenced by metabolism, nutrition, and methylation, is a potential mechanism involved in prenatal programming.
  • Future research requires advanced experimental designs and data management to effectively utilize genomics, epigenomics, nutrigenomics, and proteomics for studying prenatal programming in pigs.