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Related Concept Videos

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers01:12

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers

Class III antiarrhythmic drugs are a group of medications that can prolong action potentials in the heart. They achieve this by blocking potassium channels or enhancing inward currents from sodium channels. However, these drugs have a unique property of "reverse use-dependence," which is most pronounced at slower heart rates and can lead to torsades de pointes—a specific type of arrhythmia. However, it is essential to note that excessive QT interval prolongation—a measure of the heart's...
Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which indirectly block calcium...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Isolation and Physiological Analysis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes
11:02

Isolation and Physiological Analysis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Published on: September 7, 2014

Thyroid hormones and cardiac arrhythmias.

Narcis Tribulova1, Vladimir Knezl, Asher Shainberg

  • 1Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. narcisa.tribulova@savba.sk

Vascular Pharmacology
|October 24, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone impacts heart electrical activity and calcium handling. This review explores its dual role in promoting or preventing heart arrhythmias through various mechanisms.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Isolation and Physiological Analysis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes
11:02

Isolation and Physiological Analysis of Mouse Cardiomyocytes

Published on: September 7, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormone influences cardiac electrophysiology and calcium (Ca2+) handling via genomic and non-genomic pathways.
  • Thyroid dysfunction and systemic diseases cause chronic remodeling of cardiac structure, electrophysiology, and Ca2+ handling.
  • Acute thyroid hormone level changes can alter cardiac cell membrane system activity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted effects of thyroid hormone on cardiac function.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which thyroid hormone influences cardiac electrophysiology and Ca2+ handling.
  • To discuss the pro- and anti-arrhythmic potential of thyroid hormone in the context of cardiac remodeling and ion channel modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on thyroid hormone's effects on cardiac ion channels and Ca2+ cycling proteins.
  • Analysis of both genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of thyroid hormone action in the heart.
  • Examination of structural, electrophysiological, and Ca2+ handling remodeling induced by thyroid hormone imbalances.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid hormone exerts significant control over cardiac electrophysiology and intracellular calcium dynamics.
  • Both chronic and acute alterations in thyroid hormone levels lead to cardiac remodeling and functional changes.
  • Modulation of sarcolemmal ion channels, Ca2+ cycling proteins, and intercellular communication by thyroid hormone impacts heart function and arrhythmia susceptibility.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone critically regulates cardiac electrophysiology and calcium handling, influencing heart function.
  • Thyroid hormone imbalances can lead to cardiac remodeling, affecting susceptibility to arrhythmias.
  • Understanding the pro- and anti-arrhythmic effects of thyroid hormone is crucial for managing cardiac conditions.