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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans

Published on: September 8, 2023

Soft tissue images from cephalograms compared with those from a 3D surface acquisition system.

Angela K Incrapera¹, Chung How Kau, Jeryl D English

¹Department of Orthodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.

The Angle Orthodontist

|October 27, 2009

Summary

Two-dimensional (2D) cephalometrics and three-dimensional (3D) imaging show comparable results in posttreatment evaluation after orthognathic surgery. Current 3D technology may not fully replace traditional 2D cephalometric analysis for assessing surgical outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

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Published on: September 8, 2023

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Published on: November 23, 2019

Area of Science:

Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Medical Imaging
Surgical Planning

Background:

Accurate posttreatment evaluation is crucial for assessing orthognathic surgery outcomes.
Traditional 2D cephalometrics has limitations in representing complex 3D skeletal and soft tissue changes.
Advancements in 3D imaging offer potential for more comprehensive analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the accuracy and comparability of 2D cephalometrics with 3D imaging devices for posttreatment evaluation.
To determine if 3D technology can replace traditional 2D cephalometric methods in assessing surgical outcomes.

Main Methods:

Prospective evaluation of 40 patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
Superimposition of pre- and post-treatment records using both lateral cephalometric radiographs (2D) and 3D stereo photogrammetric capture (3D).
Analysis of differences in five soft tissue landmarks between the two imaging modalities.

Main Results:

34 subjects completed the study with full records.
Mean differences in soft tissue landmarks ranged from 1.06-8.07 mm for 2D and 1.26-7.34 mm for 3D.
No statistically significant differences were found between the superimposition techniques of the two imaging systems (P > .05).

Conclusions:

The superimposition techniques employed in both 2D cephalometrics and 3D imaging modalities are comparable.
Current 3D imaging technology demonstrates comparable results to 2D cephalometrics for posttreatment evaluation in orthognathic surgery.