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Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
Calorimetry01:19

Calorimetry

When objects at different temperatures are placed in contact with each other but isolated from everything else, they attain thermal equilibrium. A container that prevents heat transfer in or out is called a calorimeter, and the use of a calorimeter to make measurements is called calorimetry. Generally, these measurements involve heat or specific heat capacity. The term "calorimetry problem" is used for any problem where the specified objects are thermally isolated from their surroundings. An...
Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by sustained extreme cold exposure, and severe...
Energy Balance01:19

Energy Balance

The human body gets energy from the three macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Energy is released when the chemical bonds in the organic compounds present in the food are broken down. The energy content of food is measured in kilocalories (kcal), defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. This value is determined by measuring the temperature change of the water surrounding a calorimeter after the complete...
Constant Volume Calorimetry02:41

Constant Volume Calorimetry

Calorimeters are useful to determine the heat released or absorbed by a chemical reaction. Coffee cup calorimeters are designed to operate at constant (atmospheric) pressure and are convenient to measure heat flow (or enthalpy change) accompanying processes that occur in solution at constant pressure. A different type of calorimeter that operates at constant volume, colloquially known as a bomb calorimeter, is used to measure the energy produced by reactions that yield large amounts of heat and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents
09:10

Palatable Western-style Cafeteria Diet as a Reliable Method for Modeling Diet-induced Obesity in Rodents

Published on: November 1, 2019

Caloric restriction: from soup to nuts.

Stephen R Spindler1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA. spindler@ucr.edu

Ageing Research Reviews
|October 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Caloric restriction (CR) and related dietary changes extend lifespan and delay aging in animals. While CR offers health benefits across species, pharmaceutical interventions may be needed for human longevity.

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Metabolic research
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Caloric restriction (CR) and dietary interventions, such as reduced protein or specific amino acids, are known to extend lifespan and delay age-related physiological decline in various animal models.
  • These dietary interventions can modulate key intracellular signaling pathways, including insulin and IGF-I signaling, which are implicated in aging processes.
  • Animals can adapt to CR and related states, and even brief periods of CR yield significant health benefits across species, including humans.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effects of caloric restriction (CR) and related dietary interventions on lifespan and age-related physiological changes.
  • To explore the conserved physiological responses to CR across different species, including humans and nonhuman primates.
  • To identify potential molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets for enhancing human longevity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on caloric restriction (CR) and its effects on lifespan and aging.
  • Analysis of physiological, hormonal, and biochemical changes induced by CR in animal models and primates.
  • Examination of molecular pathways, including transcription factors and co-activators, involved in CR's effects on metabolism and longevity.

Main Results:

  • CR and related dietary interventions extend mean and maximum lifespan and delay age-related physiological changes in animals.
  • CR induces beneficial physiological, hematologic, hormonal, and biochemical changes in humans and nonhuman primates, mirroring effects in other species.
  • In primates, CR protects against type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, sarcopenia, inflammation, and DNA damage, while enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis and neuroprotection.

Conclusions:

  • Caloric restriction (CR) and related dietary interventions are potent modulators of aging and lifespan across diverse species.
  • The conserved benefits of CR suggest fundamental biological mechanisms underlying aging that can be targeted for healthspan and lifespan extension.
  • While CR offers significant health advantages, the paradoxical association of low body weight with mortality in elderly humans suggests that pharmaceutical interventions may be necessary to optimize human longevity.