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Related Concept Videos

Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Bone Disorders01:29

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Bone marrow transplant is a potential cure for several diseases, including cancer and specific genetic disorders. Notably, this procedure is applicable for patients suffering from aplastic anemia, certain types of leukemia, severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, sickle-cell disease, and certain cancers.
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification

Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into...

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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

International longitudinal pediatric reference standards for bone mineral content.

Adam D G Baxter-Jones1, Melonie Burrows, Laura K Bachrach

  • 1College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, SK, Canada.

Bone
|October 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary

Pediatricians need better bone standards. This study created new sex, age, size, and ethnicity-specific bone mineral content (BMC) standards using longitudinal data from diverse children, improving diagnostic accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Orthopedics
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Current pediatric bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) reference standards rely on limited cross-sectional data.
  • These existing standards inadequately represent growth variations in diverse pediatric populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop sex and site-specific standards for bone mineral content (BMC) using longitudinal data.
  • To improve the accuracy of diagnostic tools for pediatric bone health.

Main Methods:

  • Combined longitudinal data from four international studies in Canada and the United States.
  • Measured whole body (WB), proximal femur (PF), femoral neck (FN), and lumbar spine (LS) BMC in males and females aged 8 to 25 years.
  • Analyzed data using random effects models and Bland-Altman analysis, controlling for age, height, weight, and ethnicity.

Main Results:

  • Age, height, weight, and ethnicity were independent predictors of BMC accrual across sites (P<0.05).
  • Significant ethnic variations in BMC accrual were observed, with Asian, Hispanic, and Black males showing different WB BMC accrual compared to White males.
  • Similar ethnic variations were found for PF and FN BMC. Age, height, and weight were significant predictors for females across all sites.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a tool to calculate pediatric BMC Z-scores, accounting for age, size, sex, and ethnicity.
  • Recommended sex, age, size, and ethnic-specific standards for interpreting pediatric BMC.
  • Emphasized the need for inclusive reference standards to accurately assess bone health in children.