Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Oncogenic PIK3CA mutations shape an immunoregulatory microenvironment in mosaic overgrowth disorders.

PNAS nexus·2026
Same author

Predictors of Cyclophosphamide Resistance in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

Mediterranean journal of rheumatology·2026
Same author

Affinity-matured B cell responses neutralizing type-I interferons underlie severe viral infections.

Cell·2026
Same author

Do different organ involvements cause different comorbidity profiles in Behçet's syndrome?

Postgraduate medicine·2026
Same author

Proteomic Analysis of Regulated Dendritic Cell Endosomes Reveals Dynamic Adaptation to Antigen Uptake and Cross-Presentation.

European journal of immunology·2026
Same author

Proinsulin-Loaded Nanoparticles Suppress Insulitis and Induce Temporary Diabetes Remission.

Cells·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

Multiple layers of B cell memory with different effector functions.

Ismail Dogan1, Barbara Bertocci, Valérie Vilmont

  • 1Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U783 'Développement du système immunitaire', Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Site Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.

Nature Immunology
|October 27, 2009
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals distinct memory B cell subsets with varied functions. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) memory B cells persist and respond differently upon re-exposure, clarifying long-standing immune response debates.

More Related Videos

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae
09:22

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Published on: February 18, 2013

Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery
04:36

Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery

Published on: May 21, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
08:26

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

Published on: December 14, 2016

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae
09:22

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Published on: February 18, 2013

Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery
04:36

Murine Superficial Lymph Node Surgery

Published on: May 21, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Longstanding debates exist regarding memory B cell survival and re-engagement in germinal centers.
  • The precise roles of different memory B cell subsets after secondary antigen challenge remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the heterogeneity and function of memory B cell subsets.
  • To reconcile conflicting previous propositions on B cell memory.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel mouse model for memory B cell labeling dependent on activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID).
  • Immunized mice with a particulate antigen and analyzed B cell populations over time.
  • Observed B cell subsets in germinal center-like structures and outside follicles post-immunization and secondary challenge.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct memory B cell subsets, including IgM(+) and IgG1(+) B cells, persisting for up to 8 months.
  • Observed these subsets both within germinal center-like structures and in extralymphatic locations.
  • Demonstrated that IgG1(+) B cells differentiated into plasmocytes, while IgM(+) B cells reinitiated germinal center reactions upon secondary challenge.

Conclusions:

  • Memory B cell populations are heterogeneous, exhibiting distinct functional capacities.
  • This layered model of B cell memory, with IgM and IgG subsets playing different roles, resolves previous controversies.
  • The findings provide a unified framework for understanding B cell memory dynamics.