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Related Concept Videos

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
Fischer Projections02:18

Fischer Projections

Learning to draw Fischer projections of molecules and understanding their relevance plays a crucial role in the visual depiction of organic molecules. A Fischer projection is a two-dimensional projection on a planar surface to simplify the three-dimensional wedge–dash representation of molecules. This is especially helpful in the case of molecules with multiple chiral centers that can be difficult to draw. Here, all the bonds of interest are represented as horizontal or vertical lines. While...
Diels–Alder vs Retro-Diels–Alder Reaction: Thermodynamic Factors01:31

Diels–Alder vs Retro-Diels–Alder Reaction: Thermodynamic Factors

The Diels–Alder reaction is thermally reversible, meaning that the reaction reverts to the starting diene and dienophile under suitable temperatures. The forward reaction gives a cyclohexene derivative and is favored at low to medium temperatures. The reverse process, also called retro-Diels–Alder reaction, is a ring-opening process favored at high temperatures.
[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement01:21

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of 1,5-Dienes: Cope Rearrangement

The Cope rearrangement is classified as a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-dienes, leading to a more stable, isomeric 1,5-diene. The reaction involves a concerted movement of six electrons, four from two π bonds and two from a σ bond, via an energetically favorable chair-like transition state.
Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry01:29

Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry

Diels–Alder reactions between cyclic dienes locked in an s-cis configuration and dienophiles yield bridged bicyclic products.
Newman Projections02:06

Newman Projections

Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as conformers.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Single Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy on Planar Supported Bilayers
20:00

Single Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy on Planar Supported Bilayers

Published on: October 31, 2015

Retroreflector with acute dihedral angles.

N Sugimoto, A Minato

    Optics Letters
    |October 27, 2009
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study investigated acute-angle retroreflectors using ray tracing. Angle errors in these optical devices cause reflected laser beams to diverge, impacting applications like laser ranging targets.

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    Published on: October 2, 2012

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Geometric Optics
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Retroreflectors are optical devices that reflect incident light back towards the source.
    • Acute-angle retroreflectors, with dihedral angles deviating from 90 degrees, exhibit unique reflection properties.
    • Understanding their behavior is crucial for advanced optical system design.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the reflection behavior of an acute-angle retroreflector with specific dihedral angles (45, 60, 90 degrees).
    • To investigate the impact of angular errors on the retroreflector's performance.
    • To explore potential applications in laser ranging technology.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized the ray-trace method to simulate light propagation through the retroreflector.
    • Analyzed the nine reflection sequences and 26 possible reflection paths.
    • Quantified the divergence of reflected rays due to dihedral angle errors.

    Main Results:

    • Incident rays undergo nine reflections within the acute-angle retroreflector.
    • Identified 26 distinct sequences of reflections.
    • Demonstrated that errors in dihedral angles lead to significant divergence in reflected ray directions.

    Conclusions:

    • Acute-angle retroreflectors exhibit complex reflection patterns.
    • Angular precision is critical for maintaining beam directionality in these devices.
    • The study suggests potential utility in laser ranging target design, provided error mitigation strategies are employed.